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Sport And Society Flashcards

1
Q

When did ore industrial Britain become popular recreation?

A

Pre - 1780

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2
Q

What was life like in pre industrial Britain?

A

Communications and transport was limited
Lower classes were uneducated
Widespread illiteracy
Class division’s existed
People lived in rural areas

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3
Q

What were some characteristics of popular recreation?

A

Occasional - restricted annual events
Local - specific to each community
Rural - activities used natural sources available to them
Wagering - placed by upper classes
Functional - linked to work requirements

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4
Q

What is popular recreation?

A

Sport and pastimes of people in ore industrial Britain

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5
Q

Mob football key aspects …

A

Played by lower class
Rural (in nature)
Localised form of activity - limited transport
Played occasionally
Male dominant and highly violent
Eventually banned
Simple game

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6
Q

Real tennis key aspects …

A

Didn’t reflect typical popular recreation characteristics of time
Exclusive activity
Played on regular basis
Non-local in nature
Civilised - high moral code
Compelled rules
Courtly and royalty in nature - upper class males

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7
Q

What’s foot racing?

A

Consisted of footmen competing as messengers
Ended up competing against each-other with gentry wagering on them
Developed into running races

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8
Q

What was athletics like in ore industrial Britain?

A

Individuals organised into rural community festivals containing athletic events
(Wenlock Olympic Games)

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of athletics in pre industrial Britain?

A

Unwritten rules
Events are local
Rural areas
Betting occurred

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10
Q

What is the wenlock Olympic Games?

A

Forerunner to modern Olympic Games
Used to promote moral physical and intellectual improvements
First held in shopshire
Also a blindfolded and old women’s race

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11
Q

What does rational recreation suggest?

A

That a level of order logic and structure began to be applied to sports reflecting an industrial based society

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12
Q

What was the key aspects of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Key period in history
Massive changes in people’s lives
More population lived in towns/city’s
Working in factories rather than land

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13
Q

What were some positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Lack of leisure time
Lack of income
Poor health
Loss of rights
VS
Values of athleticism
Cheaper to travel
Health and hygiene improved
Influence of ex public schoolboys

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14
Q

How can you remember the initial negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?

A

H
I
T
F
O
R

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15
Q

What’s urbanisation?

A

Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities seeking work in factories

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16
Q

What features made a contribution to the development of sport

A

Lack of space: space limited to development of factories housing etc, led to purpose built facilities (football stadiums)
Large working class populations
Loss of traditional sports: mob football was banned
Change in Woking conditions: initially long hours and limited time but it changed and sport participation increased

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17
Q

How did the transport revolution contribute to the development of sport?

A

Improved access to different parts of country
Movement of teams and spectators
Cheaper train travel
Improved access to the countryside

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18
Q

How did communication help contribute the development of sport?

A
  • Emergence of sporting heroes
  • Gradual improvement in educational provision for working class
  • Printed media increase knowledge and awareness of sport
  • Overall types of communication
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19
Q

How did church and middle classes influence sport?

A

Changing views of churches during Victorian times helped promote sport and recreation locally
Clergy gave encouragement for working classes to participate in rationalised sporting activities
Church organised teams/events etc
Provided facilities to play
Number of church groups formed

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20
Q

Why did churches promote sport?

A

To encourage social control
Sport seen as a good way of promoting Christian values
Good way to increase church attendance

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21
Q

What does codification mean?

A

Gradual organisation and defining of the rules

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22
Q

How did the middle class support sport developments?

A

Codification
Public provision
Increased leisure time
Moved to professionalism
Competitions

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23
Q

Why did NGB develop?

A

Rules/codification required
Threats of professionalism/commercialism
More clubs forming
More leagues required
Maintain ‘amateur ideal’
Different public schools played different versions

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24
Q

What were some characteristics of rational recreation?

A

Respectability
Stringent administration and codification
Referees/officials
Skills/tactics based
Purpose built facilities
Regionally/nationally/regularly played

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25
What’s an amateur?
A person who plays sport for the love of it (no financial gain)
26
What’s a professional?
A person who plays sport for financial gain
27
What 4 things was amateurism associated with in the 19th century?
Appreciating value of health and fitness High moral integrity Appreciating value of rule-regulated activity Manliness
28
What’s the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?
- Played sport to a high moral code - Participated in sport as a character building exercise - Played a range of sports using their natural talents - Was repeated member of society with a public school background - Belonged to a social elite
29
What are some positive impacts of amateurism?
Amateurs held a higher status than professionals in the 19th century Code of amateurism was based on playing sport clearly to set rules Adhered to a code of ethics Participation in sport was seen more important than winning Belonging to a social elite All-rounder was viewed with high regard by amateurs New middle classes admires cultured values of upper class and the gentleman amateur
30
Key features of modern day amateurs?
Lower status than pros Performance at top level is now open to all Some high level performers are still not pros Some receive finance to pay training expenses Blurring of amateur and professional distinctions
31
Key features if amateurism in modern day sport?
Codes if amateurism are still evident in British sport It’s still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways
32
What happened in the rise of professionalism?
Sports like football became increasingly popular so working classes increased time and wages demand for spectators Working class had to make more money from sport otherwise there was no opportunity to play Training became more specialised Foul play and gamesmanship used to gain advantage Challenges to refereeing became more common
33
What are some positive impacts of professionalism?
Presented working classes with chance to earn money whilst not at work Standard of performance increased as a result of dedicated training Led to increase in commercialisation and media coverage Became avenue of social mobility
34
Key features of modern day professionalism?
All classes can compete High rewards for pros More time to train Celebrity status Lots of money invested into sport Positive times act as motivators for others to achieve in sport More spectators attend
35
What’s football like today?
BBC began live coverage Wages have increased It is extremely commercialised
36
37
How has the emergence of female footballers in modern day sport changed?
Equal opportunities Increased media coverage More provision via school PE lessons More female role models Increased approval/encouragement by FA More clubs are forming Increased participation Increased funding More free time
38
How have elite female officials emerged in sport?
It’s not as encouraging as few female officials were progressing in 20th century A women’s development pathway has been developed to try and improve the situation
39
What’s lawn tennis key aspects?
Middle class invention Played my middle class Organised by middle class Use of specialist equipment Use of standardised rules Played by males and females Public provision
40
How is modern day tennis different and it’s key aspects?
Spread round the world Tournaments in USA England France and Australia make up 4 major comps Players could make money
41
What’s the key aspects of open tennis?
In 1968 rumours that amateurs were taking illegal payments (shamateurs) Led to abandonment of distinction between pro and amateur Led to open era that established the pro tennis circuit Increased revenue from TV rights Popularity of game has spread world wide
42
What’s the key aspects of tennis’s today?
Still perceived as a middle class activity Tennis clubs have dress codes 1968 male and female won different prize money 2007 male and female won equal prize money 2015 prize money increased 2023 prize money increased further
43
How has the emergence of females in tennis been?
- Only pro female tennis circuit developed in late 20th century - Gave female tennis players an opportunity to play at top level - earning money in the process - lead to lots of females participating
44
What’s the rationalism and modern day development of track and field?
Industrialisation led to rural fairs being replaced by urban fairs Athletics became more popular in towns with purpose built tracks in major cities Walking and running races took place over set distances Upper classes took part to test theirselves Working classes took part for money
45
What’s the amateur athletic club stand for and who formed it?
AAC formed by public school and ex university men who were gentleman amateurs
46
Who could not join the amateur athletic club?
Mechanics Artisans Labourers Excluded working classes
47
What did the AAC bring to athletics?
Respectability Emphasising endeavour fair play courage and no wagering
48
What did the amateur athletic association (AAA) do?
Open up the sport to everyone (withdrew exclusion clause)
49
Why wasn’t athletics acceptable for women?
Unladylike and unable to follow appropriate dress code
50
When was the women’s AAA founded?
1922
51
Why couldn’t women run is specific events at the Olympics such as the 800m?
As it was deemed to strenuous
52
Why were trust funds established after the world war?
Enabled athletes to safeguard the eligibility to take part in amateur competitions but still allowed them to receive financial rewards as an athlete
53
54
What could the athlete use the funds for?
Day to day living expenses but rest was held back until retirement
55
Are there trust funds today?
No
56
In 2010 whag was established?
The diamond league (14 athletics meetings in Asia)
57
How has the emergence if it’s female athletes in modern day sport changed?
Marathon was not open to women’s until 1984 Triple jump 1996 Hammer throw 2000 Competitions such as the diamond league allowed athletes to challenge stereotypes
58
What is a society?
Organised group of people accounted for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
59
What’s socialisation?
Lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms values ideas practises and roles in order to take their place in society
60
What are the 2 parts of socialisation?
Primary and secondary
61
What’s primary socialisation?
Takes place during the early years of childhood With Immediate family Internalisation if societies key values
62
What’s secondary socialisation?
Occurs during later years Others influence affect socialisation processes (schools peer groups etc)
63
What’s social control?
Ways in which peoples thoughts feelings appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
64
Which is societies most basic institution?
Family
65
What do the institutions do?
Work together ensuring socialisation into society to maintain order and social control
66
How can institutions have a negative effect on individuals?
Can become a barrier to individuals opportunities Can stereotype people and social control can influence perceptions that can influence choices when deciding what sport to play
67
What’s social change?
Alteration in the social order of society
68
When does social change occur?
When institutions re-adjust to meet ‘new needs’ if groups in society such as women
69
What’s social inequality?
Occurs when resources in a society are unevenly distributed among socially defined categories
70
What’s social issues?
Problems that affect propel within a society
71
What’s inequality?
Unfair situation where resources/opportunities are distribute unevenly within a society
72
What do social structures have an impact on?
An individual and their overall life chances
73
What’s social stratification?
Type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic such as a wealth/status
74
What does sport participation allow participants to do?
Leave behind ‘normal lives’ and adopt new ‘athletic identity’
75
What’s social action theory?
Influence on physical activity and sport Way of viewing socialisation emphasising social action Links between people and their social interdependence are the key ideas People can intervene in social processes and change them
76
How does the social action theory relate to sport?
Helps make sense of what we call sport
77
What’s the social action theory definition?
A theory that provides the foundation to how change occurs in sport
78
What’s the interactionalist approach?
Study of how individuals behave in society
79
How does the interactionalist approach relate to sport?
For interactionalists social institutions: sports clubs aren’t seen separate from people but as the product of various people involved
80
What’s the interactionalist approach definition?
Theory that aims to make sense of how individuals shape society
81
What are the 4 main barriers to participation?
Gender Race Poverty Lifestyle choices
82
What’s the barriers with having a disability?
Minority group High expense May beed specialist equipment Expensive transport
83
What are the barriers about having a specific gender in relation to sport?
Society has formed gender stereotypes within specific sports Stereotypical views Inequalities exist in sport
84
What are common barriers which negatively affect disability sport participation?
Negative self image Lack of confidence Lack of role models Lack of organised programmes Lack of specialist coaches Low levels of media coverage Lack of access
85
What are a range of solutions to decrease negative affects of disability sport participation?
Providing transport to facilities Educating people on the stereotypes Providing more opportunities for success Improved technology Increased media coverage Designing specific activities for these individuals
86
What are possible causes of under representation of ethnic groups in sport?
Fear of racial abuse Fear of rejection Language barriers may exist Conflict with religious observances Higher value placed of education
87
What are some possible solutions to readily disadvantage in sport?
Organising campaigns against racism in sports Punishing racial abuse Ensuring provisions in PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences Ensuring there’s a single sex provision
88
What are some reasons of under representation of women in sport?
Low levels of confidence Lack of leisure time Negative impact of school PE programmes Few leagues Channelling women into certain female appropriate sports
89
What are possible solutions to gender equality in sport?
Encourage greater social acceptance Making changing facilities as clean as possible Reject stereotypical myths Increased media coverage Provide more opportunities for women to join sports clubs
90
What are some benefits of raising participation?
Health - increases life expectancy Fitness - an increase in sportsmen and women therefore there’ll be better success in world stage Social - enjoyment, increased social interaction, decreases crime rates
91
What’s sport England’s aim?
Increase number of people getting involved across activities
92
What are some of sport England’s goals?
Ensure public facilities are used fully and effecting to get max use from communities Increase number of volunteers at least twice a year Increase number of people in England participating in sport
93
What is National match analysis?
Move patterns of either a team or individual important for development and analysis of strategies and tac tics
94
What’s biomechanics?
Analyses the sporting impact of body movements Quantitative study that looks at displacement velocity and speed movements
95
What are 3 benefits of using performance analysis?
- Gives performer objective feedback to try and change performance positively - Provide data- physiological and performance data within a training based setting (give performer visual feedback) - Used to look at opponents - develop strategies against them
96
How can you monitor fitness?
Exercise intensity and heart rates (Monitor effectiveness of training and recovery)
97
What level of sport do you mainly monitor fitness in?
High and low levels ( more popular in low levels )
98
What’s skill and technique development?
Video analysis programme, combine technical tactical and statistical data to provide info about specific skills and techniques
99
What is a type of analytic in injury prevention?
Vibration therapy: Involved low frequency mechanical stimulation of muscles areas to aid exercise recovery prevent injuries and help with rehabilitation
100
What’s electro stimulation?
Impulses delivered by a decide and delivered their ugh electrodes on the skin in direct proximity to muscles to be stimulated
101
What does electro stimulation do?
Can increase power, strength with post exercise recovery due to electrical impulses assisting with removal of lactic acid Acts as a rehab and preventative tool for athletes as the muscle can be gradually strengthened incrementally
102
Why can scouting/talent ID do for an individual?
Build up a profile of a performer and can measure effectiveness if a training pathway and document progress
103
What type of technology has been developed to help disabled people?
Prosthetics and light weight wheelchairs
104
What’s has technology increased?
Participation of disabled athletes in wider range of activities
105
What has technology done between disabled and able athletes?
Made an open opportunity of disabled participating in equal competition with able bodied athletes
106
What do floodlights do?
Enable sport to be played during hours of darkness, increase participation levels in winter
107
What do synthetic surfaces do?
Enable play all year round in different weather conditions Increase quality of play
108
What are some benefits and issues of VAR?
Disrupts flow of game Improves fairness Taken away natural feel of game Ethical issues Helps officials
109
What do oxygen tents do?
Changes athletes oxygen capacity
110
What do zero gravity treadmills do?
Helps to decrease swelling and come back from injury
111
What are some safety pieces if technology that have been made?
Helmets Light weight materials Protective clothing
112
What are some disadvantages of technology clothing and equipment for athletes?
Injury chances have increased (equipment is lightweight) Can lead to drug taking when substances are not enough Some athletes it’s unaffordable
113
What are some positives of technology?
Raises profile of sport Attracts more participants Provides inclusive nature if sport
114
What are some negatives of technology?
Can be expensive Placebo effect - athletes feel they’re making gains from influence if technology and instead just increase confidence Over analysis - sports too reliable in data and unable to make decisions based on feelings
115
What’s some positive impacts of technology on performer?
Improved protective equipment Detailed scientific analysis Improved recovery from injury Improved recovery from training Improved knowledge of diet and nutrition
116
What’s some negative impacts of technology on performer?
Can lead to injury (make athletes feel invincible) Can lead to cheating (drug use) Can be unaffordable
117
What are positive impacts if technology for the coach?
Sport analytics can be informative Video analysis can be broken down Coaches can make changes to training
118
What’s some negatives of technology for the coach?
Over reliance on data to drive feedback Computer data can be hacked (info can be leaked)
119
What’s some positives of technology for audience?
Data and statistics on games improve spectators knowledge and understanding on the sport Increases involvement/excitement
120
What’s some negatives of technology on the audience?
Breaks in pls for video replay reduce flow in game Controversy if sport is important which forms some excitement
121
What’s meant by the term social media?
Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking

PE (3 decks)

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