Skill Acquisition Flashcards
What is a skill?
Learned ability to bring about predetermined results with minimum outlay of time and energy or both
What is an ability?
Building blocks upon which skills are developed
Individuals are born with them (innate)
What are some characteristics of a skill?
Controlled
Fluent
Set technical model
Accurate
Consistent
Aesthetically pleasing
What’s the acronym to remember skill characteristics?
A
C
E
F
A
C
E
What is an open skill?
Skill performed in an unpredictable environment
What is a closed skill?
Skill performed in a predictable environment
What happens if performing an open skill?
Constantly making decisions and adjusting to the environment
What happens when performing a closed skill?
Individual follows a set technical model
What’s an example of an open skill?
A pass in a team game
What’s an example of a closed skill?
Shot putt
What is a gross skill?
Involve large muscle groups
What is a fine skill?
Small muscle groups
Intricate and delicate
What is an example of a gross skill?
Tackle in rugby
What is an example of a fine skill?
Table tennis return
What is a self paced skill?
When the performer controls the start and speed of the skill
What is an externally paced skill?
When the performer has no control over start and pace of the skill - it is controlled by opponents
What is an example of a self paced skill?
Penalty
What is an example of an externally paced skill?
Sailing
What is a discrete skill?
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
What is a serial skill?
Skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
What is a continuous skill?
One that has no clear beginning or end
What’s an example of a discrete skill?
Tennis serve
What’s an example of a serial skill?
Gymnastics floor routine
What’s an example of a continuous skill?
Cycling
What is a highly organised skill?
A skill that cannot be easily broken into its subroutines
What’s a low organised skill?
A skill that is easily broken down into its sub routines
What’s an example of a highly organised skill?
A volley in football
What’s is an example of a low organised skill?
Swimming stroke
What is a simple skill?
A skill that requires a few decisions when being performed
What is a complex skill?
A skill that requires debris on making using lots of information when performed
What is an example of a simple skill?
Forward roll
What is a complex skill?
Triple jump
What is transfer of a skill?
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
What’s positive transfer?
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
Whats negative transfer?
When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
What is zero transfer?
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
What is bilateral transfer?
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
What is an example of positive transfer?
Volleyball overarm and tennis serve
What’s an example of negative transfer?
Discus throw and overarm throw
What’s an example of bilateral transfer?
Dribbling with right and left foot
What’s an example of zero transfer?
Basketball dribbling and javelin
What are some advantages of positive transfer?
Acquire a new skill quicker
More confident in that sport
Individual remains in cognitive phase for less time
What encourages positives transfer?
Use visual guidance - show how it is performed
Identify elements that may hinder learning
Coach should make performer aware of transfer potential by highlighting elements of skill that are similar
What causes negative transfer?
First skill hasn’t been learned/over learnt
Poor standard of coaching
Conflicting skills are taught close together
What are the methods of training practice?
Whole practice
Whole part whole practice
Progressive part practice
Massed practice
Distributed practice
Varied practice
Mental practice
What is whole practice?
Practising the skill in its entirety
When do you use whole practice?
Highly organised skill and learner is autonomous
What are some disadvantages of whole practice?
Possible fatigue
Cannot be used with cognitive learners
What are some advantages of whole practice?
It is realistic
Helps to make the skill consistent
What is whole part whole?
Practising the movement as a whole and then break it down into subroutines and then integrate it back into whole skill
When should the coach use whole part whole?
Skill is complex and learner is autonomous
What are some disadvantages of whole part whole?
Time consuming
May produce negative transfer if skill is not integrated back into whole skill
What are some advantages of whole part whole?
Motivational
Provides immediate feedback
What is progressive part practice?
Practicing first part of skill and then adding parts gradually (sometimes called chaining)
When should a coach use progressive part practice?
When skill is complex and learner is cognitive
What are some disadvantages of progressive part practice?
Time consuming
Negative transfer could occur if the first part of skill is not learned well
What are some advantages of progressive part practice?
Reduces danger
Improves confidence as skill is gradually achieved
What is massed practice?
Practising a skill with no rest intervals
When should a coach use massed practice?
Skill is discrete simple and environment is closed
What are some advantages of massed practice?
Promotes fitness so athlete can meet demands of the sport
What are some disadvantages of massed practice?
Fatigue can occur and possibility of grooving the wrong skill
What is distributed practice?
Practising a skill and rest intervals are given
When should a coach use distributed practice?
Skill is continuous and performer may need a break
What are some advantages of distributed practice?
Takes pressure of the performer and allows recuperation after a tough session
Feedback can be given during intervals
What are some disadvantages of distributed practice?
There are time constraints
Danger that negative transfer may occur
What is varied practice?
Changing the practice type and the practice drills
When should you use varied practice?
Skill is open and environment is unstable
What are some advantages of varied practice?
Allows players to adapt to changing environments
Appropriate for open skills
What are some disadvantages of varied practice?
Time consuming
Increasing risk of negative transfer unless changing drills are integrated into aims of session
What is mental practice?
Going over skill in their mind
When should mental practice be used?
Before a match
Before a set piece
What are some advantages of mental practice?
No fatigue occurs
Improves confidence and lowers anxiety
What are some disadvantages of mental practice?
Not good for a beginner
What is the cognitive stage?
Performer has to think carefully about their actions and try to understand instructions and demonstrations
What’s the associative stage?
When performs moves from being a competent beginner to an accomplished performer
What is the autonomous stage?
It is reached aster effective practice and actions are fluent and consistent
What is an example of whole practice?
Gold swing
What’s an example of whole part whole?
Practising a volleyball smash the weakness could be rectified by using whole part whole
What’s an example of progressive part practice?
Dance routine
What’s an example of massed practice?
Layup shots in basketball
What’s an example of distributed practice?
What’s an example of varied practice?
A team training drill uses the principles of varied practice
What’s feedback?
Information to aid error correction
What’s positive feedback?
Info involving rewarding performance
What’s negative feedback?
Identifying poor aspects of performance
What’s extrinsic feedback?
Comes from an outside source
What’s intrinsic feedback?
Comes from within performer
Who should use positive feedback?
Cognitive learners
Who should use negative feedback?
Autonomous
Use sparingly with cognitive
Who should use extrinsic feedback?
Cognitive
Who should use intrinsic feedback?
Usually autonomous
What is knowledge of results?
Concerns about the outcome
What’s knowledge of performance?
All about technique
Who should use knowledge of results?
Cognitive
Who should use knowledge of performance?
Autonomous
What is a learning plateau?
Period during performance where there’s no signs of improvement
What causes a learning plateau?
Lack of motivation
Boredom
Poor coaching
Limited ability
Fatigue
Targets are set too low
What are some solutions to a learning plateau?
Player could find more experienced coach
A rest could be taken to avoid fatigue
Coach could offer more praise and positive reinforcement to provide motivation
More variety could be added to task to avoid boredom
What’s visual guidance?
Guidance that can be seen (demonstration)
Who should use visual guidance?
Cognitive
What’s advantages of visual guidance?
Creates a mental image
Should always be used with verbal guidance
Whats disadvantages of visual?
Demonstration must be completely accurate otherwise it may be copied incorrectly
What’s verbal guidance?
An explanation of what needs to be done
Who should use verbal?
Cognitive
What’s disadvantages of verbal?
Information overload may occur
What’s advantages of verbal guidance?
Motivation and feedback can be given during
What’s mechanical guidance?
Using equipment to aid a skill
Who should use mechanical guidance?
Cognitive and autonomous
Whats disadvantages of mechanical?
May interfere with kinaesthetic of skill
Whats advantages of mechanical?
Eliminates danger
Reduces anxiety
What’s manual guidance?
Physical support given by a coach when learning a skill
Who should use manual guidance?
Cognitive
What’s disadvantages of manual guidance?
Performer may depend on support too much
May be detrimental to performer if it’s over used
What’s advantages of manual guidance?
Helps eliminate danger
Build confidence of performer
What’s operant conditioning?
Use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
How can we shape someone’s behaviour?
What we say to them
Implications for performance
Manipulating to environment to encourage certain behaviour
What is positive reinforcement?
Pleasant consequence is given to increase the likelihood of correct response occurring again
What’s negative reinforcement?
Taking away of unpleasant consequence when desired outcome occurs
What’s punishment?
Unpleasant consequence when incorrect response occurs
What does positive and negative reinforcer do?
Strengthens S-R bond
What does punishment do?
Weakens S-R bond
What does trial and error do?
Allow performer to see what’s wrong and right
What does bandura observational learning theory suggest?
We learn through :
Copying
Mimicking
Modelling
What’s the acronym to remember observational theory?
A
R
M
M
What does the A stand for?
ATTENTION -
learner must watch demonstration
Coach needs to highlight what they need to look for
Individual more likely to attend if it is a significant other performing skill
Need to be able to seek
What does the R stand for?
RETENTION -
Demonstration must be remembered
Practise it immediately
Mental imagery
Catchy phrases
Mental rehearsal
What does the M stand for?
MOTOR PRODUCTION -
Be able to physically perform skill
What does the M stand for?
MOTIVATION -
Leaner just want to copy it
Must be driven to reproduce it
What does vygotskys learning theory suggest?
Learning through interaction and copying others
What is constructivism in V learning theory?
Suggested the learner uses a zone of proximal development :
What can I do alone?
What can I do with help?
What can I not do yet?
What is a more knowledgeable other?
Teacher coach or peer etc
Influential as they give advice on how to execute skill and demonstrate values and actions
What does the learner build on?
Prior learning
What does inter-psychological learning mean?
Learning from others an external source - watching a demonstration, listening to advice
What does intra-psychological development mean?
Learner goes and attempts skill , thinks about kinaesthetic
What are implications for teaching?
Groupings - low ability groupings (individuals feed off each other - there’s nothing/no one to looks up to)
What happens in a mixed ability group?
Learn from high achievers
What happens in a limited group?
Working with too advanced - challenge must be within their ability
