Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What’s the cardiovascular system?
A
The body’s transport sustem
2
Q
What are all the structures of the heart?
A
Aorta
Vena cava (superior and inferior)
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Ventricle
Atria
Septum
Bicuspid valve
Atrioventricular valve
Semi lunar valve
Tricuspid valve
3
Q
What’s the role of the vena cava?
A
Brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium
4
Q
What’s the role of the pulmonary vein?
A
Delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium
5
Q
What’s the role of the pulmonary artery?
A
Leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood and goes to the lungs
6
Q
What’s the role of the aorta?
A
Leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body
7
Q
What’s the role of the tricuspid valve?
A
Located between right atrium and ventricle it opens to allow blood flow and closes to prevent back-flow
8
Q
What’s the role of the bicuspid valve?
A
Located between the left atrium and ventricle and it opens to allow blood flow and closes to prevent back flow
9
Q
What’s the role of the semi lunar valve?
A
Located between right and left ventricles and pulmonary artery and aorta and it opens to allow blood flow and closes to eleventh backflow
10
Q
What’s is the cardiac conduction system?
A
A group of specialised cells located in the wall of the heart that send electrical impulses to cardiac muscle causing it to contract
11
Q
What is the heart described as being?
A
Myogenic
12
Q
What does the term myogenic mean?
A
Capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses
13
Q
What is the sinoatrial node (SA)?
A
Small mass of cardiac muscle found in wall of right atrium that generates the heartbeat (pacemaker)
14
Q
What is the atrioventricular node (AV)?
A
Relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart
15
Q
What is the bundle of his?
A
A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AV node via the bundle of his branches to the ventricles
16
Q
What are the purkinje fibres?
A
Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of ventricles
17
Q
What’s the process of the cardiac conduction system?
A
- The heart begins as myogenic and starts in the SA node
- The electrical impulse then spreads through the heart
- From the SA node the impulse then spreads through the atria walls causing them to contract forcing blood into the ventricles
- The impulse then passes through the AV node this delays the transmission of the cardiac impulse to enable the atria to fully contract
- The electrical impulse then passes down through the bundle of his
- The bundle of his then branches out into the purkinje fibres which spread throughout the ventricles causing them to contract
18
Q
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
A
A sort of the autonomic system that speeds up heart rate
19
Q
What’s the parasympathetic nervous system?
A
Part of autonomic system that decreases heart rate
20
Q
What’s the medulla oblongata?
A
Regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing/heart rate
21
Q
What are the 2 nervous systems?
A
Central and peripheral
22
Q
What consists of the CNS?
A
Brain and spinal cord
23
Q
What consists of the PNS?
A
Nerve cells that transmit info to and from the CNS
24
Q
What centre is found in the medulla oblongata?
A
Cardiac control centre (CCC)
25
What are chemoreceptors and what’s their role?
Tiny structures found in carotid and aortic arch
Detect chemical changes in blood that happens of exercise :
CO2 increases as does lactic acid and pH decreases
26
What’s happens as a result of chemoreceptors working?
Nervous impulses are sent to the CCC
Increases sympathetic nervous stimulation to the SA node
27
What are baroreceptors and what’s their role?
Detects changes in blood pressure
Contain nerve endings that respond to the stretch of arterial walls (carotid and aortic arch) caused by blood pressure changes
28
What happens as a result of baroreceptors working?
Increase in arterial pressure results in stretch of baroreceptors therefore heart rate decreases
Decrease in arterial pressure results in a decrease of receptors and a rise in heart rate
29
What are proprioceptors and what’s their role?
Sensory nerve endings in muscles tendons joints that provide info regarding movement and body positions
30
What’s happens as a result of proprioceptors working?
Info sent to CCC - sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system to increase/decrease
31
What is stroke volume?
The vol of blood pumped out of heart per beat
32
What is heart rate?
Number of times heart beats per minute
33
What is max heart rate equation?
220-age
34
What is bradycardia definition?
Resting heart rate fewer than 60bpm
35
What is cardiac hypertrophy definition?
Enlargement of the left ventricle as a result of endurance training
36
What is starlings law of the heart?
If venous return increases stroke volume increases too
More blood in leads to more blood out
Ventricle walls are elastic - the more they’re forced to stretch the greater the force of contraction
STROKE VOL INCREASES IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO VENOUS RETURN INCREASING
37
What is venous return?
The blood returning to heart via veins
38
Why is ejection fraction definition?
% of blood pumped out by the left ventricle (can go from 60% to 85%)
39
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute
40
What’s the cardiac output equation?
Q=HR X SV
41
What is atherosclerosis?
Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits
42
What’s an atheroma?
A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery
43
What is angina?
Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to muscles of the heart is restricted
44
What is coronary heart disease process?
Occurs when arteries that supply heart with oxygenated blood become blocked / narrow by gradual build up of fatty deposits (process of atherosclerosis)
45
What factors can help to prevent CHD?
Healthy lifestyle
Quit smoking
Regular exercise
Healthful diet
46
What is cholesterol?
Fatty substance known as a lipid that’s carried blood by proteins
47
What are the 2 types of cholesterol?
LDL
HDL
48
What’s is HDL?
High density lipoproteins
Help transport excess cholesterol back to liver to be broke down (good)
49
What is LDL?
Low density lipoproteins
Carry cholesterol to tissues (bad)
50
What are the 2 types of stroke?
Ischaemic
Haemorrhagic
51
What is a stroke?
Occurs when blood supply to part of brain is cut off
52
What is an ischaemic stroke?
Blood clot supplying blood flow to the brain
53
What’s a haemorrhagic stroke?
A blood vessel weakening and bursting
54
What is cardiovascular drift?
Rise in heat leads to sweating
Reduces liquid resulting in blood becoming more viscous
This decreases plasma resulting in less blood returning to heart
Stroke volume decreases
Heart rate increase to compensate and maintain cardiac output to cool body down
Cardiac output increases to cool body down
55
What conditions does cardiovascular drift take place?
Warm environment
Over 10 mins
Start to sweat - body temp increases
Start to lose plasma
56
What does cardiovascular drift make an athlete believe?
That they’re working harder than they actually are due to it increasing your heart rate
57
What are the 5 vessels in the vascular system?
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
58
What is the definition of blood pressure?
Force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
59
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure in arteries when ventricles are contracting
60
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxing
61
What are the 3 types of pumps?
Skeletal
Respiratory
Pocket valves
62
What’s the skeletal pump?
Muscles contract and press on veins squeezing blood back to heart
63
What’s the respiratory pump?
Breathing deeply - pressure changes between thorax and abdomen
64
What’s the pocket valves?
Ensure blood flows in 1 direction and close to prevent backflow
65
What’s the purpose of the pumps?
To aid venous return
66
What’s the equation for blood pressure?
Cardiac output X resistance flow
67
What is the process of Bohr shift?
- When leaving kings haemoglobin is nearly completely saturated with oxygen as there is high partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs
- At rest 30% of oxygen is released into muscle tissues
- During exercise CO2 body temp and lactic acid increase
- All these conditions cause a reduction in affinity if heamoglobin with oxygen
- So more oxygen is released into muscle site
68
What is myoglobin?
It’s similar to haemoglobin that attracts and binds to oxygen
It has a greater affinity to oxygen than haemoglobin and is located in muscle cells
69
What did affinity mean?
Attraction
70
What happens when there’s an increase in body temp CO2 and lactic acid?
Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin and attaches to myoglobin
71
Describe the redistribution of blood?
Blood is directing away from intestines and gut (digestive system)
72
What is blood getting directed away from the digestive system called?
vascular shunt mechanism
73
What is the redistribution of blood controlled by?
Vasomotor centre (located in medulla oblongata)
74
What stimulates the vasomotor centre to redistribute blood?
Chemical changes
75
What are found in the walls of arterioles?
Muscles that get stimulated by sympathetic nerves
76
What is vasodialation?
Widening of lumen of vessels to increase blood flow to where it’s needed (heart muscles etc)
77
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of lumen of vessels to reduce blood flow into digestive system etc
78
What does gas exchange mean?
Movement of oxygen from air into the blood and carbon dioxide from blood into the air
79
What does diffusion mean?
Movement of gas particles from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to an area of low concentration/partial pressure
80
How is oxygen carried round the body?
97% combines with haemoglobin and 3% dissolves in blood plasma
Oxyhaemoglobin
81
How is carbon dioxide transported round the body?
- 7% transported by being dissolved in plasma
- Within red blood cells 23% chemically combined with haemoglobin and carried as carbominohaemoglobin
- 70% covered to bicarbonate ions
82
What is partial pressure?
Pressure a gas exerts on a mixture of gases
83
What is tidal volume?
Vol of air breathed in or out per breath
84
What is IRV?
Vol of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
85
What is ERV?
Vol of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
86
What muscles are involved in inspiration at rest?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
87
What muscles are involved in inspiration during exercise?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectorals
88
What muscles are involved in expiration at rest?
Passive ( diaphragm and external intercostals just relax )
89
What muscles are involved in expiration during exercise?
Internal intercostals
Abdominals
90
What is minute ventilation?
Vol of air breathed in or out per minute
91
What is residual volume?
Vol of air that remains in lungs after max expiration
92
What happens to each king capacity during exercise?
TV- increase
IRV- decrease
ERV- slight decrease
RV- stays the same
MV- big increase
93
Where are the two places gas exchange takes place?
Lungs and muscles
94
What are the 2 nerves that are located with the respiratory centre?
Phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve
95
What’s does the phrenic nerve lead to?
Diaphragm and external intercostals lead to increased breathing rate
96
What does the intercostal nerve lead to?
Abdominals and internal intercostals lead to increase expiration
97
What does aerobic mean?
Exercise with oxygen (longer then a minute)
98
What does anaerobic mean?
Exercise without oxygen (exercise shorter than a minute
99
What are the 2 types of joint?
Hinge
Ball and socket
100
What are the 3 types of plane?
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
101
What does the Sagittal plane do and control?
Split body into right and left halves
Extension / flexion
102
What does the transverse plane do and control?
Divided body into upper and lower halves
Rotation
103
What does the frontal plane do and control?
Divided body into from and back halves
Abduction/adduction
104
What are the 3 types of axis?
Transverse
Longitudinal
Sagittal
105
What does the transverse axis do?
Extension / flexion
106
What does the Sagittal axis do?
Abduction/adduction
107
What does the longitudinal axis do?
Rotation
108
What are the pairs of planes and axis?
Sagittal plane and transverse axis
Transverse plane and longitudinal axis
Frontal plane and Sagittal axis
109
What’s the acronym to remember the planes and axis pairs?
Sally Took
Too Long
Feeling Sad
110
What’s the definition of flexion?
Decreasing angle between the bones of a joint
111
What’s the definition of extension?
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
112
What’s hyper extension?
Increasing the angle beyond 180• between bones of a joint
113
What an agonist?
Muscle that’s responsible for lovelorn that’s occurring
114
What’s an antagonist?
Muscle that works in opposition to the agonist
115
What are the muscles you always forget?
Deltoid
Pectorals
Illiopsoas
Adductors
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteals medius, maximus, minimus
116
What’s a concentric contraction?
When a muscles shortens under tension
117
What’s an eccentric contraction?
When muscles lengthens under tension
118
What’s an isometric contraction?
When a muscle is under tension but there’s no visible movement
119
What’s an isotonic contraction?
A muscle contraction that causes movement
120
