Sport and Society Flashcards
1
Q
Gender discrimination
A
- stereotypical views
- discriminatory attitudes
- lack of media coverage
- sexploitation
- underfunding
2
Q
Racial discrimination
A
- racial stacking
- less black athletes employed in sport after career
- lack of role models
3
Q
Disability in sport
A
- 9% disability in sport 23% without disability
- lack of media coverage, lack of role models
- lack of facilities/specialist coaching
4
Q
Class in sport
A
- Football working class
- Rugby split working and middle
- Golf not spectacle but high broadcast and lots of money involved - Wealthy powerful people interested in sport promoted
- Working class limited
- Geographic accessibility
5
Q
Race/ Ethnicity
A
Race = Physical characteristics
Ethnicity = Cultural heritage
6
Q
Strategies for improving female participation
A
- This Girl Can: Sport England and lottery funded promote sport for ALL women
- Us Girls: partnered with StreetGames promote sport deprived communities
- Womens Sports Trust: partnered with Sky Sports to ‘show up’ to women events
7
Q
Strategies for racial discrimination
A
- Rooney rule: 1 black candidates interviewed improved diverse of coaches in NFL
- Kick it out: app report discrimination at football ground
- No room for racism: players take the knee
8
Q
Strategy for disability
A
Sport England aims to improve number of people with disability in sport including accessibility facilities and coaching
9
Q
Increased female participation
A
- Increased media coverage
- Societal norms changed
- More funding
- Women’s only section
- Campaigns
- Influencers
10
Q
Golden triangle fans advantages
A
- Higher standards of performances
- Increased access watch live sport
- High quality of stadiums
11
Q
Golden triangle fans disadvantages
A
- Longer breaks
- Time changes
- Subscriptions
- Sports aren’t popular less funding
12
Q
Golden triangle athlete advantages
A
- More competitions
- Increased profile sponsorships
- Higher quality stadiums
13
Q
Golden triangle athlete disadvantages
A
- Increased pressure
- Lack of control financial rewards
- Lack of privacy
14
Q
Golden triangle media
A
- Increased audience
- Sport high profile
15
Q
Golden triangle sponsorship
A
- Awareness brand product
- Positive image and good reputation
- Increased sales
- Reduced tax due to tax relief
16
Q
Americanisation of sport (seen as business)
A
- 19th century American baseball matches advertising sold on cards
- Sale of TV rights major source funding
- Sponsorship
- Broadcasting rights NFL $11.5 billion yearly
- Sport as event e.g. half time entertainment
17
Q
Globalisation
A
- organisations international influence operate internationally
- more media coverage, financial support, accessible
- athletes travel
- more exposure, more elite athletes, greater talent identification
18
Q
Levels of globalisation
A
Global sporting comp: Premier League, IPL, NBA played UK, worldwide sponsors
Satellite communication: live
Sporting good: evolution sport brands Jordan
19
Q
Consequences of globalisation
A
- leave countries earlier, play for that country
- decreases talent pool & chance of developing countries becoming competitive
- athletes in news as role models, increase revenue and sponsors but lack privacy
20
Q
Commercialisation
A
Process of managing something for financial gain
21
Q
Consumerism
A
Promotion of consumer interests
22
Q
Americanisation
A
Making something American
23
Q
Globalisation
A
Process organisation’s international influence or operate internationally
24
Q
Social stratification
A
Unequal layers factors such as income education
25
Discrimination
Negative perception of group creates distinction
26
Stereotype
Preconceived perception
27
Prejudice
Previously formed opinion no evidence to back it up
28
Equal opportunity
Fairly with no form of discrimination preventing them from participation
29
Self fulfilling prophecy
Fuelling stereotypes and prejudice athletes follow these social expectations
30
Social mobility
Sport route for this
Success creates more role models
Breaks barriers
31
Stage 1
- Pre 19th century
- Boy organised sports themselves
- Rules came from villages
- Different versions
- Unruly gambling drinking
32
Stage 2
- Early 19th century
- Thomas Arnold reduce d/g and develop muscular Christianity and moral integrity
- sixth form students responsible for organising
- house games on school grounds
- fagging system discipline younger students
33
Stage 3
- Late 19th century
- develop characteristics after education (teamwork/leadership)
- purpose built facilities (public swimming pools)
- factory owners created teams workers played in
- players start to get paid to play
- increase health and productivity of workers
34
Development of sport preindustrial Britain
Transport
British empire
Churches
Oxbridge melting pot
35
Transport
Increased transportation lines travel greater distances - increasing range and appeal - lead leagues and comp - generates interest in spectating and supporting - reporters make timings aware
36
British empire
Colonisation and export of British customs through public school boys joining military sport spread idea and concepts around the world
37
Churches
Encouraged rational recreation
Former public school boys worked at churches as ministers to help spread muscular Christianity
38
Oxbridge melting pot
Public school boys from variety schools different rules to uni allowed consensus of rules until there was codification of sports and formation of governing bodies
39
Athleticism in girls school
- Traditional role women saw education threat
- Anxiety over wearing revealing clothes
- Not considered necessary for same opportunity
- Unladylike competitive
- Medical concerns strenuous activity prohibit child bearing
40
19th century amateurs
Upper class public school
Formed national governing bodies
No monetary rewards
Amateur ethos
Athleticism - moral integrity
Sportsmanship - inside unwritten
41
19th century professionals
Working class
Received payment ‘broken time’
Lombardian ethic
Cheating
Gamesmanship- outside unwritten rules
42
Amateurs now
Still don’t get monetary rewards (olympics)
Love of game (boxers w/o pay)
Physical endeavour
High moral code
Sportsmanship
43
Professionals now
Increased wages players commercials
Ictaesed standars
Increased media coverage
Increased pressure to win
Cheating
Gamesmanship
44
Amateurism to professionalism football
After fa formation amateurs(upper) and professionals played
More teams and comps more interest
Clubs generate income ticket sales
More games prof need more time off
Allowed full professionalism
45
Amateurism to professionalism cricket
1870s developed touring - county sport
Increased interest
Length of games prof long time off work
Counties accept professional
Professional accepted different eating and travel from amateurs
Class diff highlighted annual p v a game
46
Modern Olympic Games
Pierre de Coubertin founder International Olympic Committee (1984)
First modern day olympics 1896
Fair play sportsmanship amateurism
Love of sport not money
Amateurs allowed not professionals
47
Positive deviance
Moving away from norm without intention to do harm send positively
Playing injured
Train so hard they injure
48
Negative deviance
Knowing behaves in a way breaks ethics
PEDs
Bribes
Hoolagnism
49
Types of PEDS
Steroids - train longer harder
Stimulants - more alert
Diuretic - hide use of other PEDs
Narcotic - mask injury
EPO - aerobic performance
Beta blocker - reduce heart rate
50
Reason for using PEDS
Increased success
More sponsorship
Leads to intangible rewards
51
Combatting doping
1988 WADA
2013 Lance Armstrong banned for doping
- Testing and Biological Passport
52
Testing
Doling tested mass spectrometry
Urine sample beam of electrons
Each substance unique fingerprint
By products too small to produce signal
53
Biological passport
2009 WADA brough BP
Electronic document bio info
Monitor change alert officials
Doubt around effects of training
Every test developed to detect, latest PED 10 years ahead
54
Sports Performance Pyramid
Elite
Performance
Participation
Foundation
55
Foundation
Grass roots
Younger children don’t understand rules develop skills
56
Participation
Participates sport regularly
Gain something positive (enjoyment, socialising)
57
Performance
Aims to improve skill
Playing for team review coaching
Demonstrates skills associated elite
58
Elite
Highly skilled
Aimed to acheive set standards through comp
Both professional and high level amateurs
59
Factors affecting participation
Individual differences
Family
Friends
Education
Tradition (mob football,cheese rolling)
Age (older green crown bowling)
Provision
Media (wimbledon)
60
Talent identification
- Sport organisations identify potential talent, supportive pathways
- National framework for sport between UK sport, Uk sport instructions and National governing bodies
- Developed to identify talent and fast track development programmes
- Skill based testing, functional movement, psychological and performance lifestyle
61
Advantages of centralised system of talent identifications
Reduces cost
Culture excellency
Improved facilities
More success more role models
Showcase country
62
Disadvantages of centralised system of talent identifications
Unhealthy environment
Not appropriate for all to relocate
Expensive
Long term health issues - overtraining
63
World Class Performance Pathway
Funded through national lottery
Aim to win medals international
World class talent - highly gifted selected by NGBS 8 years from likely medal
development - 6 years from a medal
podium - likely medal winning funding based previous success
64
Talent Transfer Programmes
Uk sport uses talent transfer
- Athletes seeking out opp or coach releases enough time to try new
- Similar movement, physiological and tactical skills
- Switch due injury plague less motiv retirement
- Can also occur talent identif
