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Sport and Society Flashcards

1
Q

Gender discrimination

A
  • stereotypical views
  • discriminatory attitudes
  • lack of media coverage
  • sexploitation
  • underfunding
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2
Q

Racial discrimination

A
  • racial stacking
  • less black athletes employed in sport after career
  • lack of role models
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3
Q

Disability in sport

A
  • 9% disability in sport 23% without disability
  • lack of media coverage, lack of role models
  • lack of facilities/specialist coaching
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4
Q

Class in sport

A
  • Football working class
  • Rugby split working and middle
  • Golf not spectacle but high broadcast and lots of money involved - Wealthy powerful people interested in sport promoted
  • Working class limited
  • Geographic accessibility
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5
Q

Race/ Ethnicity

A

Race = Physical characteristics
Ethnicity = Cultural heritage

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6
Q

Strategies for improving female participation

A
  • This Girl Can: Sport England and lottery funded promote sport for ALL women
  • Us Girls: partnered with StreetGames promote sport deprived communities
  • Womens Sports Trust: partnered with Sky Sports to ‘show up’ to women events
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7
Q

Strategies for racial discrimination

A
  • Rooney rule: 1 black candidates interviewed improved diverse of coaches in NFL
  • Kick it out: app report discrimination at football ground
  • No room for racism: players take the knee
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8
Q

Strategy for disability

A

Sport England aims to improve number of people with disability in sport including accessibility facilities and coaching

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9
Q

Increased female participation

A
  • Increased media coverage
  • Societal norms changed
  • More funding
  • Women’s only section
  • Campaigns
  • Influencers
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10
Q

Golden triangle fans advantages

A
  • Higher standards of performances
  • Increased access watch live sport
  • High quality of stadiums
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11
Q

Golden triangle fans disadvantages

A
  • Longer breaks
  • Time changes
  • Subscriptions
  • Sports aren’t popular less funding
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12
Q

Golden triangle athlete advantages

A
  • More competitions
  • Increased profile sponsorships
  • Higher quality stadiums
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13
Q

Golden triangle athlete disadvantages

A
  • Increased pressure
  • Lack of control financial rewards
  • Lack of privacy
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14
Q

Golden triangle media

A
  • Increased audience
  • Sport high profile
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15
Q

Golden triangle sponsorship

A
  • Awareness brand product
  • Positive image and good reputation
  • Increased sales
  • Reduced tax due to tax relief
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16
Q

Americanisation of sport (seen as business)

A
  • 19th century American baseball matches advertising sold on cards
  • Sale of TV rights major source funding
  • Sponsorship
  • Broadcasting rights NFL $11.5 billion yearly
  • Sport as event e.g. half time entertainment
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17
Q

Globalisation

A
  • organisations international influence operate internationally
  • more media coverage, financial support, accessible
  • athletes travel
  • more exposure, more elite athletes, greater talent identification
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18
Q

Levels of globalisation

A

Global sporting comp: Premier League, IPL, NBA played UK, worldwide sponsors

Satellite communication: live

Sporting good: evolution sport brands Jordan

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19
Q

Consequences of globalisation

A
  • leave countries earlier, play for that country
  • decreases talent pool & chance of developing countries becoming competitive
  • athletes in news as role models, increase revenue and sponsors but lack privacy
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20
Q

Commercialisation

A

Process of managing something for financial gain

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21
Q

Consumerism

A

Promotion of consumer interests

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22
Q

Americanisation

A

Making something American

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23
Q

Globalisation

A

Process organisation’s international influence or operate internationally

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24
Q

Social stratification

A

Unequal layers factors such as income education

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25
Q

Discrimination

A

Negative perception of group creates distinction

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26
Q

Stereotype

A

Preconceived perception

27
Q

Prejudice

A

Previously formed opinion no evidence to back it up

28
Q

Equal opportunity

A

Fairly with no form of discrimination preventing them from participation

29
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

Fuelling stereotypes and prejudice athletes follow these social expectations

30
Q

Social mobility

A

Sport route for this
Success creates more role models
Breaks barriers

31
Q

Stage 1

A
  • Pre 19th century
  • Boy organised sports themselves
  • Rules came from villages
  • Different versions
  • Unruly gambling drinking
32
Q

Stage 2

A
  • Early 19th century
  • Thomas Arnold reduce d/g and develop muscular Christianity and moral integrity
  • sixth form students responsible for organising
  • house games on school grounds
  • fagging system discipline younger students
33
Q

Stage 3

A
  • Late 19th century
  • develop characteristics after education (teamwork/leadership)
  • purpose built facilities (public swimming pools)
  • factory owners created teams workers played in
  • players start to get paid to play
  • increase health and productivity of workers
34
Q

Development of sport preindustrial Britain

A

Transport
British empire
Churches
Oxbridge melting pot

35
Q

Transport

A

Increased transportation lines travel greater distances - increasing range and appeal - lead leagues and comp - generates interest in spectating and supporting - reporters make timings aware

36
Q

British empire

A

Colonisation and export of British customs through public school boys joining military sport spread idea and concepts around the world

37
Q

Churches

A

Encouraged rational recreation
Former public school boys worked at churches as ministers to help spread muscular Christianity

38
Q

Oxbridge melting pot

A

Public school boys from variety schools different rules to uni allowed consensus of rules until there was codification of sports and formation of governing bodies

39
Q

Athleticism in girls school

A
  • Traditional role women saw education threat
  • Anxiety over wearing revealing clothes
  • Not considered necessary for same opportunity
  • Unladylike competitive
  • Medical concerns strenuous activity prohibit child bearing
40
Q

19th century amateurs

A

Upper class public school
Formed national governing bodies
No monetary rewards
Amateur ethos
Athleticism - moral integrity
Sportsmanship - inside unwritten

41
Q

19th century professionals

A

Working class
Received payment ‘broken time’
Lombardian ethic
Cheating
Gamesmanship- outside unwritten rules

42
Q

Amateurs now

A

Still don’t get monetary rewards (olympics)
Love of game (boxers w/o pay)
Physical endeavour
High moral code
Sportsmanship

43
Q

Professionals now

A

Increased wages players commercials
Ictaesed standars
Increased media coverage
Increased pressure to win
Cheating
Gamesmanship

44
Q

Amateurism to professionalism football

A

After fa formation amateurs(upper) and professionals played
More teams and comps more interest
Clubs generate income ticket sales
More games prof need more time off
Allowed full professionalism

45
Q

Amateurism to professionalism cricket

A

1870s developed touring - county sport
Increased interest
Length of games prof long time off work
Counties accept professional
Professional accepted different eating and travel from amateurs
Class diff highlighted annual p v a game

46
Q

Modern Olympic Games

A

Pierre de Coubertin founder International Olympic Committee (1984)
First modern day olympics 1896
Fair play sportsmanship amateurism
Love of sport not money
Amateurs allowed not professionals

47
Q

Positive deviance

A

Moving away from norm without intention to do harm send positively
Playing injured
Train so hard they injure

48
Q

Negative deviance

A

Knowing behaves in a way breaks ethics
PEDs
Bribes
Hoolagnism

49
Q

Types of PEDS

A

Steroids - train longer harder
Stimulants - more alert
Diuretic - hide use of other PEDs
Narcotic - mask injury
EPO - aerobic performance
Beta blocker - reduce heart rate

50
Q

Reason for using PEDS

A

Increased success
More sponsorship
Leads to intangible rewards

51
Q

Combatting doping

A

1988 WADA
2013 Lance Armstrong banned for doping
- Testing and Biological Passport

52
Q

Testing

A

Doling tested mass spectrometry
Urine sample beam of electrons
Each substance unique fingerprint
By products too small to produce signal

53
Q

Biological passport

A

2009 WADA brough BP
Electronic document bio info
Monitor change alert officials
Doubt around effects of training
Every test developed to detect, latest PED 10 years ahead

54
Q

Sports Performance Pyramid

A

Elite
Performance
Participation
Foundation

55
Q

Foundation

A

Grass roots
Younger children don’t understand rules develop skills

56
Q

Participation

A

Participates sport regularly
Gain something positive (enjoyment, socialising)

57
Q

Performance

A

Aims to improve skill
Playing for team review coaching
Demonstrates skills associated elite

58
Q

Elite

A

Highly skilled
Aimed to acheive set standards through comp
Both professional and high level amateurs

59
Q

Factors affecting participation

A

Individual differences
Family
Friends
Education
Tradition (mob football,cheese rolling)
Age (older green crown bowling)
Provision
Media (wimbledon)

60
Q

Talent identification

A
  • Sport organisations identify potential talent, supportive pathways
  • National framework for sport between UK sport, Uk sport instructions and National governing bodies
  • Developed to identify talent and fast track development programmes
  • Skill based testing, functional movement, psychological and performance lifestyle
61
Q

Advantages of centralised system of talent identifications

A

Reduces cost
Culture excellency
Improved facilities
More success more role models
Showcase country

62
Q

Disadvantages of centralised system of talent identifications

A

Unhealthy environment
Not appropriate for all to relocate
Expensive
Long term health issues - overtraining

63
Q

World Class Performance Pathway

A

Funded through national lottery
Aim to win medals international
World class talent - highly gifted selected by NGBS 8 years from likely medal
development - 6 years from a medal
podium - likely medal winning funding based previous success

64
Q

Talent Transfer Programmes

A

Uk sport uses talent transfer
- Athletes seeking out opp or coach releases enough time to try new
- Similar movement, physiological and tactical skills
- Switch due injury plague less motiv retirement
- Can also occur talent identif

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