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organismal diversity 1 > sponges > Flashcards

sponges Flashcards

1
Q

how many species of porifera are there

A

10 000 sp

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2
Q

where do porifera usually live

A

tropical reef flats to deepsea floor and rockpools

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3
Q

what type of symmetry to porifera have

A

no body symmetry

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4
Q

what sizes are porifera

A

mm to m

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5
Q

how old are porifera

A

640 mya (million years ago)

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6
Q

how quick to porifera filter water

A

1cm³ sponge filters 20l/day

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7
Q

what are the major classes of porifera

A

demospongiae, homoscleromorpha, calcarea, and hexactinellidae

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8
Q

what is the porifera’s body surface like

A

is a monolayer of flat cells called pinacoderm, with many small pores called ostia throughout

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9
Q

what is the atrium of the porifera like

A

is the centre of the sponge, is lined by single layer of cells called choanoderm

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10
Q

what is the osculum in a porifera

A

is where the water exits, and is often elevated to create pressure differential to draw flow out of atrium

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11
Q

what is aquiforous circulatory system in a porifera

A

is the resultant unidirectional water flow

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12
Q

what is the aquiforous circulatory system flow important for

A

feeding, gas exchange, expulsion of waste products, and reproduction

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13
Q

what are the 3 major body types in porifera

A

asconoid, synconoid, lueconoid

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14
Q

what are the 3 body types in porifera defined by

A

the structure of the body wall, which then determines max size

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of tissue in porifera

A

epithelioid and mesophyll

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16
Q

what makes up the external epithelium in porifera

A

pinacocytes (squamous non-flagellated cells) and porocytes (edge incurrent pores act as ‘values’)

17
Q

what does the external epithelium do in porifera

A

contracts to change diameter and can regulate flow

18
Q

what does the mesophyl do in porifera

A

is an internal compartment of body that moves cells through a poteinaceous gel-like matrix

19
Q

what type of cells pass through the mesophyl in porifera

A

secretory cells

20
Q

what is produced by secretory cells in porifera

A

skeletal support elements that include lophocytes (collagen fibres), spongocytes (polymerised collagen = spongein), sclerocytes (secrete spicules)

21
Q

what is the skeletal support in porifera made up of

A

an exoskeleton of spicules and /or spongin fibres. the spicules are diverse in form and diagnostic

22
Q

what makes up the cellular body walls in porifera

A

mesophyll, that moves archaeocytes

23
Q

what are archaeocytes in porifera

A

are totipotent cells that differentiate into other cells to help with healing, digestion/transport and become oocytes

24
Q

what is the inner epithelium of porifera made out of

A

choanoderm

25
Q

what are choanocytes in porifera

A

flagellated cells with apical collar of ‘sticky’ microvilli

26
Q

what are choanocytes and archaeocytes mostly responsible for in porifera

A

for capture of food and nutrition

27
Q

what do archaeocytes specifically do in digestion in porifera

A

remove large particles of food, digest and store, and clear inorganic particulate

28
Q

what do choanocytes specifically do in digestion in porifera

A

traps small bacteria, both ingest and transfer particles or retain mesophyll as symbiont

29
Q

what type of porifera live in shallow well lit habitats

A

those that have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria

30
Q

what is fragmentation in porifera

A

a type of asexual reproduction where small bits regrow

31
Q

what is budding in porifera

A

a type of asexual reproduction where projections from the outer wall happen, in some species is shows as stalked buds

32
Q

what is gemmule formation in porifera

A

‘survival capsules’ formed in autumn, is cluster of archaeocytes surrounded by spongin ‘shell’, ‘hatches’ in spring

33
Q

how do porifera sexually reproduce

A

by broadcasting sperm through osculum, triggered by temp in the water

34
Q

what does porifera sperm develop into

A

choanocytes which are then dispersed via excurrent channels

35
Q

how do other porifera capture these sperm

A

by ‘inhaling’ them by aquiferous circulation and phagocytosed (NOT DIGESTED) by choanocytes

36
Q

wat can porifera larvae develop into

A

ciliated hollow blastule or solid ciliated mass (creepsoles)

organismal diversity 1 (7 decks)

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