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Physiology II > Spirometry > Flashcards

Spirometry Flashcards

1
Q

Total lung capacity

A
  1. 7L - male

4. 2 L - female

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2
Q

Normal breath

A

500ml of air moves in/out of lungs

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3
Q

End of Expiration

A

2,200ml air in lungs

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4
Q

End of max expiration

A

1200ml In males

1000ml females

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5
Q

Why can’t lungs be maximally deflated?

A

Gas exchange occurs continuously: ensures gas content of blood relatively constant throughout respiratory cycle
Reduced WOV: less effort to inflate something that’s partly inflated

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6
Q

What is lung capacity?

A

5.7 litres

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7
Q

What are factors that may affect lung volumes?

A 
Age - decrease lung volumes with age 
Gender - generally females < males
Anatomic build - tall people have large lung volumes 
Fitness - large lung volume
Smoking 
Respiratory disease 
High altitude
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8
Q

TV

A

Tidal Volume

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9
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

IC

A

Inspiratory capacity

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11
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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12
Q

RV

A

Residual volume

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13
Q

FRC

A

Functional residual volume

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14
Q

VC

A

Vital capacity

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15
Q

TLC

A

Total lung capacity

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16
Q

TV

A

Volume of air entering/leaving lungs during a single breath

500ml

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17
Q

IRV

A

Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired
3000ml
Deceases with age

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18
Q

IC

A

IRV + TV

3500ml

19
Q

ERV

A

Extra volume of air that can be maximally expired
1000ml
Decreases with age

20
Q

RV

A

Min volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
1200ml
Increases with age

21
Q

FRC

A

ERV + RC

2200ml

22
Q

VC

A

TV + IRV + ERV

4500ml

23
Q

TLC

A

Maximum volume of air lungs can hold
VC + RV
5700ml

24
Q

Factors that affect WOB

A
  1. Pulmonary compliance decreased
    (More work to expand the lungs)
  2. Airway resistance increased (COPD)
    (More work to achieve greater pressure gradient to ensure adequate blood flow)
  3. Elastic recoil decreased (emphysema)
    (Passive expiration inadequate to expel vol of air normally exhaled - abdominal muscle must work to empty lungs at rest)
  4. Need for increased ventilation (exercise)
    (More work to achieve greater deeper and faster breaths
25
Q

Strenuous exercise

A

Amount of energy required for pulmonary ventilation to increase 25 fold
Total EE: 15-20 fold
Energy used for increased ventilation only represents 5% of total EE

26
Q

Disease state

A

Energy required for breathing to increase
May be 30% of total EE at rest
Effect: exercise ability decrease and breathing is exhausting

27
Q

What does a normal healthy lung have?

A

High compliance

Low airway resistance

28
Q

If compliance is abnormally high…

A

Lung emphysema
Tissue destruction: alveoli to fuse form large air sacs
Cause bronchioles to collapse more easily upon expiration

29
Q

If compliance is abnormally low…

A

Work of breathing is increased
Lung fibrosis (scar tissue)
Restrictive lung tissue

30
Q

What is radius of bronchi affects by?

A

Physical
Chemical
Neural factors

31
Q

What acts on airway smooth muscle

A

Chemical and neural factors

32
Q

Examples of dilators

A

Adrenalin
C02
Peptide from sensory nerve

33
Q

Constrictors

A

Acetylcholine (parasympathetic - vagus - stimulated by irritiant receptors)
Inflammatory mediators

34
Q

What is surface tension

A

Force at an air-fluid interface

35
Q

What causes surface tension?

A

Water molecules attract each other forming intermolecular bonds

36
Q

What determines lung compliance?

A
  1. Resistance of tissues to stretch influenced by composition of extracellular matrix
    Too much - fibrosis (lung compliance)
    Not enough - emphysema (high compliance)
  2. Resistance due to surface tension
37
Q

What does lung compliance measure?

A

Measure how easily lungs are expanded by a given change in pressure

38
Q

What does lung compliance determine?

A

Determine the amount of work that has to be done by respiratory muscles

39
Q

What does lung compliance define?

A

Stretchability of lung tissue

40
Q

traditional wet spirometer

A

Air-filled drum in water filled chamber
Person breathes in/out through tube - air chamber
Drum rises/falls during resp cycle > Spirograph

41
Q

Obstructive pathology

A 
TLC - increased 
VC - decreased 
FEV1:FVC - decreases 
FRC - increased 
RV - increased

Difficult emptying lungs than filling
Over-inflated air trapped

FEV/VC (<80%)

42
Q

What is FEV1/VC an indication of?

A

Maximal airflow rate

43
Q

Restrictive pathology

A 
Compliance of lung reduced 
Difficulty filling lungs 
E.g. pulmonary fibrosis, pneuomoniae, pulmonary oedema 
TLC - decreased 
VC - decreased

FEV/VC - >80%

Physiology II (16 decks)

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