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Physiology II > Lecture 4 - The Heart Axis > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - The Heart Axis Flashcards

1
Q

What is flat line also known as?

A

Asystole

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2
Q

What is asystole?

A

A condition in which the heart ceases to beat (no systolic beat) No proper ventricle activity

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3
Q

What is the preferred method of restart?

A

CPR and/or injection with vasopressin

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4
Q

The equipment: lead

A

Place on body and it would record a voltage shift as the waves of electrical activity sweep over the heart

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5
Q

If the wave is traveling in the direction of (parallel to) the lead…

A

It will give a strong signal

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6
Q

If the wave is travelling perpendicular to lead…

A

It will give no signal as the voltage is not being changed in favour of the positive or negative electrode

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7
Q

Where does a wave of depolarisation travel toward?

A

Positive lead - positive deflection of the ECG trace

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8
Q

A wave of repolarization travel toward

A

Positive lead results in the opposite

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9
Q

What results in opposite deflections?

A

Waves travelling away from positive electrode

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10
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

When the heart is totally out of sync

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11
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Ventricles are beating too fast

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12
Q

What is the Einthoven’s triangle?

A

Imaginary formation of 3 limb lead in a triangle used in electrocardiography formed by 2 shoulders and pubis

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13
Q

What is lead I?

A

Right arm to left arm

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14
Q

What is lead II?

A

Right arm to left leg

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15
Q

What is lead III?

A

Left arm to left leg

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16
Q

What does the electrode placed on the right leg serve?

A

As a ground and does not record Reduces noise interference

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17
Q

What are the unipolar leads?

A

avR, avL and avF

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18
Q

What is he direction of ECG dependent on?

A

The direction of the depolarisation and depolarisation wave moving across the heart

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19
Q

What is used to view the heart?

A

2 leads One lead: positive electrode Other:negative electrode

20
Q

What does unipolar lead measure?

A

Electric impulses at only one only one point

21
Q

avR (augmented vector right)

A

Positive electrode right shoulder

22
Q

avL (augmented vector left)

A

Positive electrode left shoulder

23
Q

AvF (augmented vector foot)

A

Positive electrode on foot

24
Q

What can one wave of AP give?

A

Higher or lower recordings depending on which lead you are considering

25
Q

How can you find a cardiac vector?

A

Looking at all 3 leads of the triangle

26
Q

What is heart axis defined by?

A

Magnitude an angle

27
Q

What can the axial reference system be used to determine?

A

Electrical axis of heart

28
Q

What does each lead pick up?

A

Electrical activity from a different position on heart muscle

29
Q

Extreme right axis deviation or No man’s land

A

Emphysema Hyperkalemia.
Lead transposition Ventricular pacing Ventricular arrhythmia

30
Q

What are the causes of Right axis deviation?

A

Right Ventricular hypertrophy
(Right ventricle is enlarged and generate more electrical activity) Heart axis pulled to the right Loss of tissue of left ventricle Pulmonary embolism (obstruction in pulmonary artery - the right ventricle generate greater pressure to pump blood in PA - greater electrical activity)

31
Q

Extreme right axis deviation or No man’s land

A

Emphysema Hyperkalemia.
Lead transposition Ventricular pacing Ventricular arrhythmia

32
Q

What are the causes of Right axis deviation?

A

Right Ventricular hypertrophy
(Right ventricle is enlarged and generate more electrical activity) Heart axis pulled to the right Loss of tissue of left ventricle Pulmonary embolism (obstruction in pulmonary artery - the right ventricle generate greater pressure to pump blood in PA - greater electrical activity)

33
Q

Left axis deviation

A

Past inferior MI Left anterior fascicular block Ventricular pacing Emphysema Hyperkalemia WPW Tricuspid atresia Ostium primum atrial septum defect

34
Q

What do clinics use?

A

3 auxiliary leads

35
Q

Where are the precordual leads placed?

A

Sternum travelling in a posterior direction

36
Q

V1

A

Fourth intercostal space, on the right sternal border

37
Q

V2

A

Opposite v1, on the left sternal border

38
Q

v3

A

Between v2 and v4

39
Q

V4

A

Fifth intercostal space, on mid-clavicular line

40
Q

V5

A

Same level as v4, anterior axillary line

41
Q

V6

A

Same level as v4, mid axillary line

42
Q

Lead I

A

0 degrees +-180 degree

43
Q

Lead II

A

+60 degree -120 degree

44
Q

Lead III

A

+120 degree -60 degree

45
Q

Lead avR

A

+30 degree -150 degree

46
Q

Lead avL

A

-30 degree +150 degree

47
Q

Lead avF

A

+90 degree -90 degree

Physiology II (16 decks)

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