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Physiology II > Lecture 7 - Blood Pressure I > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Blood Pressure I Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mean Arterial pressure?

A

Driving force for blood flow

Average pressure driving blood toward into tissue throughout cardiac cycle

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2
Q

What is the equation of MAP?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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3
Q

What are main determinants of MAP?

A

Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Total pressure resistance

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4
Q

What is Heart rate controlled by?

A

ANS

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5
Q

What is stroke volume influenced by?

A

Venous return which is influenced by skeletal muscle pump, respiratory activity
Blood volume
Inotropy and ventricular preload

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6
Q

What does TPR depend on?

A

Blood viscosity
Arteriolar radius
Length of vessel

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7
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80mmhg

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8
Q

Hypertension

A

140/90mmHg

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9
Q

Hypotension

A

100/60mmHg

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10
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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11
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Force that the heart generates every time it contracts

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What is equation of pulse pressure?

A

SBP-DBP

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13
Q

What is MAP

A

DBP + 1/3(PP)

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14
Q

An increase in cardiac output

A

Increase in the volume of blood contained in the aorta

Increase in mean arterial pressure when total peripheral resistance remain the same

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15
Q

Constant cardiac output

A

Increase in volume of blood contained in aorta

Increase in mean arterial pressure when total peripheral resistance increases

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16
Q

Short term regulation

A 
Secs —> Mins 
Regulate CO and TPR 
Involves heart and blood vessels
Neural control (ANS)
Response augmented by chemoreceptors
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17
Q

Long term regulation

A

Mins —> days
Regulate total blood volume (TBV)
Involves kidneys
Hormonal control

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18
Q

Too high (MAP)

A

Extra work for heart
Increases risk of vascuature damage
Rupture of small blood vessels

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19
Q

Too low (MAP)

A

Insufficient driving pressure

Brain and other tissues will not receive adequate blood flow

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20
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic and carotid arteries

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21
Q

What does chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Very low oxygen

High acid levels

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22
Q

What does stroke volume increase in response to?

A

Sympathetic activity

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23
Q

How do you maintain blood pressure?

A

Negative feedback loop

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24
Q

What is the detector of short term regulation?

A

Baroreceptors

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25
Q

Where is the location of the baroreceptors?

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

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26
Q

What is the integration centre for short term regulation located?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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27
Q

What are the inputs of the integration centre of short term regulation?

A

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Higher brain centres

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28
Q

What are the contents of the short term regulation?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

29
Q

What are the effectors of short term regulation?

A

Heart and blood vessels (arterioles and veins)

Increase or decrease MAP

30
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors?

A

Increased pressure > increased AP frequency

Decreased pressure > decreased AP frequency

31
Q

What are Baroreceptors/mechanoreceptors?

A

Stretch receptors

Located: carotid sinus and aortic arch

32
Q

What are the high pressure receptors?

A

Baroreceptors

33
Q

What are the low pressure receptor (volume receptors)?

A

Venous and cardiac baroreceptors

34
Q

What does baroreceptors provide?

A

Critical information about arterial blood pressure in the vessels leading to the brain

35
Q

What does baroreceptors continuously generate?

A

AP in response to ongoing pressure within arteries

36
Q

What is the heart innervated by and what does it depend on?

A

ANS

Depend on: HR and strength of contraction

37
Q

What supplies the atrium (SAN and AVN)?

A

Parasympathetic, vagus nerve

ACH and cholinergic receptors

38
Q

What supplies the atria (SAN and AVN) and ventricles?

A

Sympathetic neves

Norepinephrine and B1 adrenergic receptors

39
Q

What is SA node intrinsic firing rate?

40
Q

What does ACH inhibit the release of?

A

Norepinephrine

41
Q

During activity

A

Sympathetic dominates and heart rate increases

42
Q

What is the resting HR?

43
Q

What is the effect of SAN on heart (synpathetic)?

A

Increase depolarisation of SAN Increase HR
Increase Na+ and Ca2+ into cell
Increase frequency of APs

44
Q

What is the effect of SAN on heart (parasympathetic)?

A

Decrease depolarisation of heart decrease heart rate
Increase permeability to K+
Hyperpolarise membrane
Decrease frequency of APs

45
Q

What is the effect of Atrial contractile cells on sympathetic?

A

Increase contractile strength
Increase ca2+ permeability
Increase inward current of ca2+
More ca2+ > more cross bridge formation > increase strength of contraction

46
Q

What is effect of Atrial contractile cells on parasympathetic?

A

Decrease contractile strength
Decreased inward current of ca2+
Shorten plateau phase of AP
Decrease strength of contraction

47
Q

What is effect of ventricle contractile strength of sympathetic ?

A

Increase contractile strength
Heart beats more forcefully
Increase stroke volume

48
Q

Increase in sympathetic activity

A

SAN (increase heart rate)
Ventricular myocardium (Increase contractility Increase SV)
Arterioles (vasoconstriction, increase resistance, increase TPR)
Veins (increase venomotor tone, increase VR, increase EDV, Increase SV)

49
Q

What is consequence of hemorrhage?

A

Decrease in blood volume

Decrease in MAP

50
Q

What is the long-term regulation?

A

Renal Regulation

Blood volume

51
Q

What are the hormonal long term regulation?

A

Vasopressin/ADH
Angiotensin II
Epinephrine

52
Q

Vasopressin/ADH & Angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstrictors
Conserve blood volume
Increase water and sodium reabsorption in kidneys

53
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Neural hormone 
Increase in response to sympathetic activity 
act on heart 
Act on smooth muscle of arterioles 
Act on smooth muscle of veins
54
Q

What is the thermoregulatory response?

A

Thermoregulation = hypothalamus
Increase body temperature
Decrease sympathetic activity to skin Vasodilation to skin
Increase heat loss to environment

55
Q

What is the primary fu croon of chemoreceptor reflex?

A

Regulate blood carbon dioxide levels

56
Q

What does ventilation increase an decrease?

A

Increase carbon dioxide, increase TPR

Decrease HR

57
Q

How is the pressure in brachial artery measured and via what ?

A

Indirectly

Sphygmomanometry and auscultation

58
Q

Laminar flow

59
Q

Turbulent flow

60
Q

What happens when cuff pressure > 120mmHg?

A

No blood flows through vessel
No sound
No blood is flowing

61
Q

What happens when cuff pressure is between 120 and 80mmHg ?

A

Blood flow through the vessel is turbulent
Because
Blood pressure > cuff pressure
First sound: peak systolic pressure

62
Q

What ha pens when cuff pressure is less than 8mmHg ?

A

Blood flows through vessel in smooth, laminar fashion

Last sound heard: minimum diastolic pressure

63
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

MAP > normal (140/90 mmHg)

64
Q

What is the cause of hypertension?

A 
Genetic predisposition 
Contributing factors:
Stress
Obesity 
Smoking 
Diet
65
Q

What is the current research for Hypertension?

A 
Salt 
Diets low in fruit, veg, diary
plasma membrane abnormalities 
Excessive vasopressin
Abnormalities in vasoactive chemicals
66
Q

What are the complications of hypertension?

A 
Stress on heart and blood vessels
Congestive heart failure 
Stroke 
Myocardial infarction 
Renal failure
67
Q

What are the treatment for hypertension?

A 
Diuretics 
Antihypertensive meds 
Exercise 
Weight control 
Diet
68
Q

What is the effect of hypotension?

A

Inadequate BF to tissues?

69
Q

What are the causes of Hypotension?

A

Disproportion between vascular capacity and blood volume

Heart too weak to impart sufficient driving pressure to blood

Physiology II (16 decks)

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