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anatomy > spine - essay plan > Flashcards

spine - essay plan Flashcards

1
Q

INTRO

  • function
  • structure
A

INTRO
- function = allows movement, prevents damage so spinal cord, comprises axial skeleton

  • structure = segmental, regional variations, different curvatures
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2
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

  • what is the neural tube and where is it in the trilaminar disc?
A
  • neural tube is the precursor of the CNS

- it lies above the signalling notochord in the midline of the mesoderm

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3
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

  • what occurs in the paraxial mesoderm?
A
  • paraxial mesoderm forms somites into a segmental arrangement
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4
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

  • what do the somites do?
A
  • somites differentiate into
    1. dermomyotome
    2. sclerotome
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5
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

what part of the somite forms the scelerotome?

A

ventromedial (front and middle) part of somite forms the sclerotome by epithelial to mesenchymal transition

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6
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

how does the precursor the vertebral column form?

A
  1. sclerotome cells surround the notochord and neural tube

2. other parts of somite form myotome for the segmental muscles

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7
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

how does sclerotome divide

A

after forming the precursor of the vertebral column, sclerotome divides into cranial and caudal halves by an intersegmental fissure which marks where the intervertebral disc will form

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8
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

what happens to the most cranial sclerotomes?

A

4 most cranial sclerotomes merge and form the occipital bone rather than forming vertebrae

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9
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

what happens after the intersegmental tissue of each sclerotome?

A

2 halves (one top and one bottom) of adjacent sclerotomes merge and condense to form the perichordal disc = contributes to intravertebral discs and the body of vertebrae

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10
Q

EXPERIMENTAL:

how do we know that somites are specified to a specific vertebra?

A

if you transplant a somite from one regional to another, it will still form the same vertebra as before

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11
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

how does chondrification occur in week 6?

A

first the vertebral bodies start to chondrify

then each half of the vertebral arch chondrites from a centre at their base = they meet at month 4 but a neurocentral joint between them remains for the first few years

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12
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE

what happens in puberty?

A

in puberty, secondary ossification centres appear in the spinous and transverse process

epiphyseal discs form/fuse at the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral bodies

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13
Q

CLINICAL:

Explain spina bifida

A

when neural tube fails to close at the limbo-sacral region

this causes the meninges and spinal cord to bulge out

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14
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

what is the function of the vertebral column?

A

vertebral column bears weight, allows mobility and protect the spinal cord

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15
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

how many vertebrae are there

A

33 total

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal
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16
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

what does the curvature of the spine look like?
DRAW DIAGRAM

A

cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral lordosis

17
Q

CLINICAL:

explain scoliosis

A

deviation of spine to the left r right

can reduce space for lungs to expand

exacerbates thoracic kyphosis = hunchback

18
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 in total

8 cervical (not 7!!)
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
19
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

where do the spinal nerves emerge from?

A

cervical 1 - cervical 7 nerves are above the vertebrae

cervical 8 - coccygeal 1 nerves are below the vertebrae

the cord however terminates at L1 in adults which allows for lumbar punctures to occur in the L3/L4 interspace

20
Q

REGIONAL SPECIALISATIONS

describe the structure of the C1 vertebra

A

ATLAS
- no body = becomes odontoid

  • short anterior arch with tubercle for anterior longitudinal ligament to attach
  • grooved posterior for vertebral artery
  • Atlanta-occipital joint allows for nodding and some lateral flexion
21
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

describe the structure of the C2 vertebra

A

AXIS

  • has an odontoid process from C1
  • Atlante-axial joint for rotation
  • transverse ligament STOPS flexion and extension
22
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

describe the structure of cervical vertebrae

A

CERVICAL
- small bodies

  • large foramen (hole)
  • vertebra prominens at C7 = largest with big spinous process
  • articulation facets for muscles allows for flexion/extension but not rotation
  • have a transverse foramen which allows passage of vertebral arteries and veins
23
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

describe the structure of thoracic vertebrae

A

THORACIC
- small foramen

  • long spinous process
  • facets for costal cartilages of ribs
  • facets allow for rotation but no flexion/extension
24
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

describe the structure of lumbar vertebrae

A

LUMBAR
- large bodies

  • facets cause interlocking of vertebrae = allows for flexion/extension but not rotation
25
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SPINAL NERVES

describe the structure of sacrum/coccyx

A

SACRUM/COCCYX
- both are each fused

  • sacrum articulates with pelvis
  • coccyx has some ligament attachment
26
Q

which nerves are important

A

below L1 there is no damage if nerves are removed

C3-5 are needed for the diaphragm

27
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

which way do the ligament span in each region?

A

cervical:

  • backwards
  • upwards
  • medial

thoracic

  • backwards
  • upwards
  • LATERAL

lumbar

  • backwards
  • MEDIAL
28
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

describe the long ligaments

A

LONG LIGAMENTS

  1. anterior longitudinal
    from sacrum to anterior tubercle of C1
  2. posterior longitudinal
    runs within vertebral canal to avoid herniation
    from sacrum to axis
  3. supraspinous
    along spinous processes
29
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

describe the short ligaments

A

SHORT LIGAMENTS

  1. interspinous
    between adjacent spinous processes
  2. inter transverse
    between adjacent transverse processes
30
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

what movement is allowed in each part of the spine?

A
  1. antlanto-occipital = flexion
  2. atlanto-axial = rotation
  3. cervical = flex/exten
  4. thoracic = rotation
  5. lumbar = flex/exten
31
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

what muscles are involved in cervical flexion

A

CERVICAL FLEXION

  1. longus colli
  2. longus capitis
32
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

muscles involved in lumbar flexion

A

LUMBAR FLEXION

  1. psoas major
33
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

muscles involved in lateral flexion

A

LATERAL FLEXION

  1. all scalene
  2. quadrates lumborum
34
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

muscles involved in extension

A

EXTENSION

  1. erector spina
  2. suboccipital muscles
35
Q

LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES

muscles in rotation

A

ROTATION

  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. short rotator muscles that run posterior to spine and deep
36
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

what type of joints do the intervertebral discs form?

A

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC JOINTS

secondary cartilaginous

37
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

structure of intervertebral disc

A

structure of intervertebral disc

inner core = nucleus pulposus
gelatinous
becomes less water and more fibrous with age

outer = annulus fibrosis

38
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

what is herniation

A

herniation

when nucleus pulposus slips through annulus fibrosis

usually in lumbar region

can lead to compression of nerves and spinal roots

anatomy (11 decks)

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