Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Skin - Textbook > Flashcards

Skin - Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

an epithelium of keratinised, stratified (layered), squamous (flattened) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

skin colour depends on…

A

amount of melanin secreted by melanocyte cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

melanin has a role in protecting…

A

the deeper layers of skin from UV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

keratinisation is for…

A

protection (foot vs eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

keratinisation is increased when…

A

cell are put under mechanical stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dermal ridges of the hand and feet help to…

A
  1. improve grip

2. help in texture recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are nails made of?

A

plates of modified epidermis (like horns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of nails?

A
  1. cover the upper surface of the distal phalanges

2. provide a firm base for the pulp of the finger/toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is some of the nail pink?

A

capillaries supply blood to nail bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how would you describe the distribution of hair on the body?

A

sexually dimorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

types of sweat glands…

A
  1. eccrine = found almost everywhere

2. apocrine = found only in genital regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sweat is useful because…

A
  1. cooling through evaporation

2. enhances touch sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what nerves supply eccrine sweat glands?

A

sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does androgenic means?

A

related to the male hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does stimulus spatial discriminatory power in different regions depend on?

A

packing density of receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by a spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue that surrounds other tissue (fat) made of adipose and fluid
divided into superficial and deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is superficial fascia?

A

subcutaneous connective tissue that merges with the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the composition of superficial fascia?

A 
fat cells
collagen
plasma cells
macrophages
mast cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of superficial fascia?

A

provides a compartment that

  1. tethers the skin to underlying tissue
  2. allows the skin to move over underlying tissue
  3. stores fat and cells to protect against pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what determines the skin attachment to deeper structures?

A

fibrous tissue content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the difference between white and brown fat cells?

A

WHITE: subcutaneous, single large droplet

BROWN: more common in newborns, multiple small droplets, mitochondria, supplied by capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is deep fascia?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of tissue is bone?

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A

when the compartments expand beyond the deep fascia walls (muscle swells)
this causes pressure build up in = compresses the flow in capillaries and veins
this deprives the muscle of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the role of deep fascia?

A
  1. covers muscles - attaches them to bones

2. forms portions between different muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why is bone so strong?

A

it is a structure of collagen matrix containing calcium hydroxyapatite fibres

29
Q

what lays down collagen fibres in mature bone?

A

osteoblasts in the osteons

30
Q

what is the structure of bone?

A

CENTER: marrow (haemophilic in young) and fat (as you age)

MID LAYER: cancellous bone

OUTER LAYER: compact bone

31
Q

what bone types forms the shaft and supporting trabeculae?

A

shaft - compact bone

trabeculae - cancellous

32
Q

how are bones formed?

A
  1. ossified from cartilage

2. ossified from membranes

33
Q

what are the general pattern of bone development?

A
  1. centrifugally from the centre of ossification whilst osteoblasts lay down an outer “periosteal collar”
  2. centrifugally from the centre of ossification AND secondary ossification starts at the ends of the bone
34
Q

what are epiphyseal plates?

A

growth plates - remaining between the ossifying shaft and end of the bone

35
Q

what is the role of epiphyseal plates?

A

to allow linear growth of the bone to continue until they are ossified - one end grows more than the other

36
Q

what is cartilage?

A

avascular connective tissue

37
Q

what are the 3 structural classes of cartilage?

A
  1. HYALINE: resist compression
  2. FIBROCARTILAGE: contains the most collagen = most strong
  3. ELASTIC: most elastic fibres = very flexible
38
Q

what does the movement at joints depend on?

A
  1. the material between the 2 bones (the extent to which it can be deformed)
  2. the force that muscles enter to create the deformity
39
Q

how do we classify joints?

A
  1. FIBROUS
  2. CARTILAGEINOUS
  3. SYNOVIAL
40
Q

how does movement change with length of fibrous tissue?

A

longer = more movement

shorter = less movement

41
Q

what are the differences between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

PRIMARY: hyaline cartilage = little flexing and no movement

SECONDARY: a little movement - more during pregnancy as found in the midline of the body

42
Q

what is the structure of synovial joints?

A

hyaline cartilage separated by thin layers of synovial fluid

43
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. SKELETAL/STRIATED - parallel, longitudinal bundles
  2. CARDIAC - branched and linked, found it heart
  3. SMOOTH - walls of blood vessels, not parallel
44
Q

how do we classify muscle movement?

A

DO LATER

45
Q

How much can a striated muscle contract by?

A

no more than 1/3 of its length = muscles at very mole joints have to be very long

46
Q

what are tendons?

A

rounded bundles of fibrous tissue that join muscle to bone

47
Q

what is the power of a muscle proportional to?

A

the number of fibres = each fibre can only regenerate a certain force

48
Q

compare parallel to oblique muscles

A
  1. PARALLEL: longer but fewer fibres = can shorten most but least strong
  2. OBLIQUE: smaller length but more fibres = stronger but cannot shorten as much
49
Q

what spinal nerves supply which muscles?

A
  1. posterior primary rami = extensor muscles of spine

2. anterior primary rami = everything else

50
Q

what determines the precision of movement?

A

the size of motor units

small = precise
large = less precise
51
Q

what determines the precision of movement?

A

the size of motor units

small = precise
large = less precise
52
Q

what are the layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. ENOTHELIUM - minimises friction
  2. MUSCLE - allows the vessel to expand and return to it’s shape
  3. FIBROUS TISSUE - contains smaller vessels that supply larger ones
53
Q

MAKE CARDS ON VEINS

A
54
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  1. low pressure

2. returns extracellular fluid, proteins can cells back to the blood system

55
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

collections of cells of the immune system that filter the lymph and respond to foreign antigens with an immune response

56
Q

MAKE CARDS ON THE LAST BIT OF LYMPH

A
57
Q

What is the CNS?

A
  1. brain

2. spinal cord

58
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

comprises the connections between the CNS and the rest of the body (neurons)

59
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

receives information from the skin and musculoskeletal system and controls the musculoskeletal system

60
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls and responds to the viscera, glands,blood vessels and pupil

61
Q

what are osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes?

A

osteoblast = bone making (lays down collagen fibres)

osteoclast = bone breaking

osteocyte = osteoblast that is embedded in the bone

62
Q

what are the classifications of synovial joints?

A 
plane
hinge and pivot
condylar
ellipsoid/saddle
ball and socket
63
Q

what is a plane synovial joint?

A

where the bone surfaces slide over one another in a single plane

64
Q

what are hinge and pivot synovial joints?

A

the bones are in line at right angles to the the main axis of the stable bone (like a door)

65
Q

what are ellipsoid and saddle synovial joints?

A

2 axis of movement
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
no true rotation

66
Q

what are condylar joints?

A

modified hinge

curvature = axis of movement varies

67
Q

what are ball and socket synovial joints?

A

joints can move in any axis

68
Q

what does the stability of a joint depend on?

A
  1. shape of the bone surfaces
  2. strength of ligaments
  3. activity of surrounding muscles = they provide active support

Anatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions