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w.RADT 132: Procedures II > spine (c-spine, t-spine) > Flashcards

spine (c-spine, t-spine) Flashcards

1
Q

5 general regions of spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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2
Q

primary curves are __________; located in the _____________ regions

A

concave (curves posteriorly, “C” towards front); thoracic and sacral

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3
Q

compensatory curves are ____________; located in the __________ regions

A

convex (curves anteriorly “C” towards back), cervical and lumbar

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4
Q

exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

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5
Q

abnormal anterior concavity of the lumbar spine

A

lordosis

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6
Q

abnormal convexity of the thoracic spine

A

kyphosis

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7
Q

a typical vertebra consists of two main parts ______________________

A

vertebral arch (neural arch); body

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8
Q

vertebrae are ____________ bones

A

irregular

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9
Q

spongy bone is also known as ____________; honey-comb like

A

trabecular

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10
Q

cortical bone is also known ____________

A

compact bone

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11
Q

typical joints of the spine

A

intervertebral, zygapophyseal, costal (t-spine only)

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12
Q

Each vertebral disc is a _______________ joint (a _______); lie between adjacent vertebral bodies in the vertebral column

A

fibrocartilaginous, symphysis

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13
Q

intervertebral discs act as a ______________________ and ________________

A

ligament to hold the vertebrae together; absorb shock

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14
Q

what does the “EAM” stand for?

A

external auditory meatus

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15
Q

zygapophyseal joint are made from the __________________________________

A

articulating surfaces of 2 vertebral bodies

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16
Q

SID for AP Axial C-Spine

A

40 inches

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17
Q

CR angle for AP Axial C-Spine

A

15-20 degree cephalad

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18
Q

CR entrance for AP Axial C-Spine

A

level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage to pass through C4

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19
Q

respiration on AP Axial C-Spine

A

suspend respiration

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20
Q

positioning for AP Axial C-Spine

A

Adjust the head so that a line drawn for the upper incisors to the base of the skull is perpendicular to the IR
AND
a line drawn from the tip of the mandible to the base of the skull is parallel to the CR angle

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21
Q

Eval criteria AP Axial C-Spine

-______________ vertebral bodies
-______________ equal distance from pedicles
-(open/closed) intervertebral disk spaces
-_____________________ should be superimposed
-No rotation

A

-C3 through T2
-Spinous Processes
-Open
-Mandible and base of the skull

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22
Q

with an AP Axial C-spine exam, the spinous processes move towards the side positioned _________ the IR

A

farther from

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23
Q

Lateral C-Spine is also called ___________

A

Grandy Method

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24
Q

SID for Lateral C-Spine

A

72 inches

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25
Q

CR entrance for Lateral C-Spine

A

C4

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26
Q

CR angle for Lateral C-Spine

A

perpendicular to IR

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27
Q

respiration for Lateral C-Spine

A

full expiration

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28
Q

why full expiration for Lateral C-Spine?

A

depresses shoulders down

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29
Q

with a Lateral C-Spine, elevate chin to place _______________

A

AML parallel with the floor

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30
Q

what does AML stand for?

A

acanthiomeatal line

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31
Q

Evaluation criteria for Lateral C-Spine
-__through ___
-Superimposed __________
-(Open/closed) intervertebral joint spaces
-(Overlap/no overlap) of skull/mandible over spine

A

-C1 through T1
-articular pillars
-open
-no overlap

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32
Q

AP Open Mouth SID

A

40 inches

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33
Q

AP Open Mouth positioning

Adjust the head so that, with an open mouth, a line drawn from the ____________________ to the_____________ is perpendicular to the IR

A

lower margin of the upper incisors, base of the skull

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34
Q

CR angle for AP Open Mouth

A

perpendicular to IR

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35
Q

CR entrance for AP Open Mouth

A

through center of open mouth

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36
Q

For an AP Open Mouth, ensure no rotation – ___________________ are equidistant to the IR

A

mandibular angles and mastoid tips

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37
Q

respiration for AP Open Mouth

A

suspended respiration

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38
Q

When the patient opens their mouth, have them keep their tongue in the ______. Why?

A

lower jaw; to prevent the tongue shadow from superimposing over the atlas and axis

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39
Q

Evaluation criteria for AP Open Mouth
-Demonstrate __________
-Symmetrical _____________
-Open joint space
-Occlusal plane and base of skull superimposed

A

-C1 and C2
-lateral masses
-Occlusal plane and base of skull

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40
Q

AP Open Mouth rotation: side that demonstrates the greater distance is the side _____________________

A

toward which the face was rotated

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41
Q

For AP Open Mouth, if the teeth are superimposed on the upper dens, reposition by slight _____________ of the neck ______________________

A

hyperextension, (neck flexed too much; chin too far down)

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42
Q

For AP Open Mouth, if the base of the skull is superimposed on the upper dens, reposition by slight ____________ of the neck ________________________

A

hyperflexion, (neck extended too much; chin too far up)

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43
Q

AP Fuchs SID

A

40 inches

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44
Q

AP Fuchs positioning

A

MML perpendicular to IR

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45
Q

CR entrance for AP Fuchs

A

parallel to MML directed to inferior tip of the mandible

46
Q

respiration for AP Fuchs

A

suspend respiration

47
Q

SID for Judd method

A

40 inches

48
Q

positioning for Judd method

A

MML perpendicular to IR

49
Q

CR angle for Judd method

A

parallel to MML through occipital bone 1 inch inferior to mastoid tip and angles of mandible

50
Q

respiration for Judd method

A

suspend respiration

51
Q

Evaluation criteria for Fuchs/Judd method

A

Dens is demonstrated through foramen magnum

52
Q

Evaluation criteria for Fuchs/Judd method: Dens is demonstrated through ____________-

A

foramen magnum

53
Q

PA Oblique C-Spine CR angle

A

15-20 degrees cephalic to C4

54
Q

AP Oblique C-Spine CR angle**

A

15-20 degrees caudad to C4

55
Q

MSP plane angle for oblique c-spine**

A

45 degrees

56
Q

Evaluation criteria for oblique c-spines

___ through ___
(Open/closed) intervertebral foramina
No overlap of skull or mandible on spine

A

C1 through t1
Open
No overlap of skull or mandible on spine

57
Q

SID for C-spine obliques

A

40-72 inches

58
Q

Hyperflexion/Hyperextension SID

A

60-72 inches

59
Q

CR entrance for hyperflexion/hyperextension

A

C4

60
Q

respiration for hyperflexion/hyperextension

A

full expiration

61
Q

CR angle for Swimmer’s Lateral

A

perpendicular to IR

62
Q

CR entrance for Swimmer’s Lateral

A

roughly 1 inch above level of jugular notch at T1

63
Q

respiration for Swimmer’s Lateral

A

full expiration

64
Q

Evaluation Criteria for Swimmer’s Lateral

A

adequate penetration to visualize C7 to T3

65
Q

positioning for Swimmer’s Lateral

A

IR arm = up and resting on head
Tube arm = slightly down and posterior (to replace remote humeral head posterior to vertebrae)

66
Q

CR angle for AP Axial C-Spine with…
low lordotic curvature
more lordotic curvature

A

15 = low lordotic curvature
20 = more lordotic curvature

67
Q

T1-T4 resemble _____________

A

cervical vertebrae

68
Q

T5-T8 resemble _________

A

typical thoracic vertebrae

69
Q

T9-T12 resemble ________

A

lumbar vertebrae

70
Q

T1-T10 have _______ for _________________

A

facets, costotransverse joints

71
Q

T10-T12 have a ____________

A

single costal facet

72
Q

T11-T12 have __________ for costotransverse joints

A

no facets

73
Q

AP T-spine SID

A

40 inches

74
Q

positioning for AP T Spine

A

supine (preferred) or standing erect

75
Q

CR angle AP T-Spine

A

perpendicular to IR

76
Q

CR entrance for AP T-spine

A

directed to T7; 3-4 inches below jugular notch

77
Q

respiration for AP T-Spine; why?

A

expiration; reduces air volume in thorax for a more uniform brightness and density

78
Q

AP T-Spine Evaluation Criteria
1. ___ through ___
2. Spinous processes equal distance from _______
3. No rotation indicated by _______ being equidistant from the spine
4. Vertebral bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, spinous and transverse processes, posterior ribs, and costovertebral articulations

A
  1. C7-L1
  2. pedicles
  3. SC Joints
79
Q

in an AP T-spine, the side demonstrating a larger (bigger) distance is the side of the patient positioned (father/closer) to the IR

A

closer

80
Q

Lateral T-Spine SID

A

40 inches

81
Q

CR angle for Lateral T-Spine

A

perpendicular

82
Q

CR entrance for Lateral T-Spine

A

T-7

83
Q

positioning for lateral T-spine, patient erect

A

lateral with arms outstretched 90 degrees to body with elbows flexed

84
Q

positioning for lateral T-spine, patient lateral recumbent

A

head on pillow, knees flexed, support waist with sponge to get spine lateral

85
Q

lateral T-spine evaluation criteria

  1. ___ through __ (T-1 through T-3 may not be well visualized)
  2. Posterior ribs __________________ due to magnification of the posterior ribs further away from the IR
  3. No rotation indicated by __________ of space between posterior ribs
  4. ___________________ aspect of vertebral bodies superimposed
  5. Open _____________ and __________
A
  1. T1 through L1
  2. nearly superimposed, but not completely
  3. less than 0.5 inch
  4. posterior lateral
  5. intervertebral foramen and disk spaces
86
Q

respiration for lateral T-Spine

A

full inspiration OR orthostatic breathing

87
Q

why full inspiration for lateral T-Spine?

A

provide maximum uniform density of the vertebrae visualized above the diaphragm

88
Q

why are posterior ribs on a lateral T-spine not completely superimposed?

A

due to magnification of the posterior ribs further away from IR

89
Q

another name for Swimmer’s method

A

Twining (pronounced “twine-ing”)

90
Q

Swimmer’s SID

A

60-72 inches

91
Q

positioning for Swimmer’s method
-Raise arm _____ to IR flexing elbow and resting forearm on head for support
-Depress shoulder ______ from IR extending arm down towards the floor and rotate slightly ________ to place __________________________

A

-closet
-furthest, posteriorly, humeral head posterior to vertebrae

92
Q

CR angle for Swimmer’s

A

perpendicular to IR

93
Q

CR entrance for Swimmer’s

A

level of T-1 (1 inch above jugular notch)

94
Q

Eval criteria for Swimmer’s
1. Adequate penetration to visualize _________________
2. Vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces from C5-T3 are shown
3. Minimal rotation indicated by _______________________
4. Humeral heads should be __________________

A
  1. C5 through T3
  2. superimposition of the cervical zygapophyseal joints.
  3. separated vertically
95
Q

cervical curve develops as children ______________; lumbar curve develops when _____________

A

lift their heads, begin to walk

96
Q

Which projection/position(s) demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina?

A

RAO and LPO

97
Q

Which projection/position(s) demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina?

A

LAO and RPO

98
Q

Anterior c-spine obliques (RAO and LAO) show the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side _____________ the IR

A

closest to

99
Q

Posterior c-spine obliques (LPO and RPO) show the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side _____________ the IR

A

father from

100
Q

the C-spine spinous processes in an AP image are visualized in the ______________________

A

inferior adjoining vertebral disk space

101
Q

C-spine zygapophyseal joints are visualized on what image?

A

C-Spine Lateral

102
Q

T-spine zygapophyseal joints are visualized on what image?

A

T-Spine Oblique

103
Q

C-spine intervertebral foramina are visualized on what image?

A

C-Spine Oblique

104
Q

T-spine intervertebral foramina are visualized on what image?

A

T-Spine Lateral

105
Q

L-spine intervertebral foramina are visualized on what image?

A

L-spine lateral

106
Q

L-spine zygapophyseal joints are visualized on what image?

A

L-Spine obliques

107
Q

what is the glabellomeatal line?

A

line from forehead to ear

108
Q

what is the orbitometal line?

A

line from eye to ear

109
Q

what is the infraorbitalmeatal line?

A

line from under the eye socket to the ear

110
Q

what is the acanthiometal line?

A

philtrum to ear

111
Q

what is the lipsmeatal line?

A

lips to ear

112
Q

what is the mentomeatal line?

A

tip of mandible to ear

w.RADT 132: Procedures II (9 decks)

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