Spine and Abdomen

Question 1

Vertebrae
1. overview
2. 5 landmarks of vertebrae
3. Joints

Answer 1

1. C7, T12, L5
2. body is ant rounded struc for weight bearing, lamina are arches forming vertebral foramen with post body, left and right transverse process point lat extend from lamina, spinous process point post, gap b/w transverse process of sup vertebrae and inf vertebrae is intervertebral foramen, sup and inf articular processes
3. sup articular process of inf meets inf articular processes of sup vertebrae forms zygapophyseal joint, bodies articulate with intervertebral disk b/w, limits sliding and rotation b/w vertebrae

Question 2

motions of the spine

Answer 2

1. flexion return to fetal pos, thoracic most flexible bc of natural kryphosis (flexion)
2. extension stretch out from fetal pos, lumbar and cervical most flexible bc of natural lordosis (extension)
3. left and right rotation, left rotate ant of body to left and vice versa for right, low range in lumbar, greatest in cervical for motion of head
4. left and right lateral flexion close one side and open other

Question 3

upper cervical spine
1. comp
2. motion

Answer 3

1. occipital condyles rock ant and post on the sup articular surface of atlas for nodding, atlas on top of the axis articulates with dens of axis to rotate head
2. flexion brings chin inf, ext brings chin sup

Question 4

ribs

Answer 4

1. each rib is anchored to its own to its own vertebrae by strong lig on post, ribs travel ant and inf to meet costal cartilage to sternum
2. true ribs 1-7, have individual costal cartilage; false ribs 8-10 have shared cartilage; floating ribs 11-12 have no costal cartilage
3. true ribs create axis of sup and inf rotation to expand ribcage during breath, false ribs butterfly rotation for lateral expansion

Question 5

intervertebral disk

Answer 5

<1 cm thick, thicker down the spine, fibrocartilage, nucleus pulpous surrounded by annulus fibrosus, comp collagen fibres, pulled apart during spine movement, resist compression and rotationof vertebrate; during flexion posterior pulled apart and nucleus shift posterior lay, during ext ant pulled apart nucleus shift ant, lat flex pull opposite apart and muchness shift in opposite direction

Question 6

ligaments of the spine
1. Supraspinous and interspinus
2. anterior longituidinal
3. posterior longitudinal
4. ligamentum flavum

Answer 6

1. Supraspinous on each sp integrate with interspinus b/w sp; limit flexion
2. On ant surface of bodies, broad, support intervertebral disks, limit extension
3. On post surface of bodies in vertebral foramen, limit flexion
4. Attach along lamina to adj lamina, elastic, limits flexion

Question 7

muscles of post spine
1. Erector spinae
2. splenius cervicis and capitis
3. suboccipitals

Answer 7

1. group of 3 muscles, spinalis medial, longissimus intermed, and iliocostalis most lat, attach to post iliac crest and sacrum, pass through lumbar and thoracic region and insert on TP of vertebrae, longissimus and spinalis have fibres extending into cervical region; extension of the spine, fight to maintain upright posture when centre of mass causes gravity to flex body
2. originate from cervical and upper thoracic SP, capitus insert on mastoid process of temporal bone and occipitus, cervicis insert on cervical TP; ext cervical spine, ipsilateral flex cervical spine and rotate
3. 4 on each side, originate on inf nuchal line to SP of atlas and axis; ext upper cervical

Question 8

muscles of ant spine
1. longus capitus and colli
2. scalenes

Answer 8

1. deep to trachea and esophagus, attach to ant bodies of C1-T3; colli insert cervical bodies for lower cervical flexion, capitus insert base of occiput for flex cervical spine
2. ant, middle, and posterior scalenes originate from TP of C2-7, insert on rib 1-2; elevate rib cage during inhalation, ipsilateral flexion; hypertrophy in people with lung disease

Question 9

1. upper trapezius
2. levator scapulae
3. sternocleidomastoid

Answer 9

1. orignate sup nuchal line as nuchal lig touching C1-C7 spinous processes, insert into lat clavicle; extension, ipsilateral flexion, and contralateral rotation of cervical spine
2. originate C1-4 TP, insert sup angle of scapula; extension and ipsilateral rotation of cervical spine
3. sternal head and clavicular head insert into mastoid process of the temporal bone and occiput; ipsilateral side flexion and contralateral rotation of cervical spine, extension in upper and flexion in lower half

Question 10

1. spinal nerves, peripheral nerves and vertebrae overview
2. naming spinal nerves
3. plexus

Answer 10

1. spinal nerves branch off sp cd through intervertebral foramen join together to form plexi (network), split into peripheral nerves supplying muscle groups
2. C1-C7 originate above respective vertebrae, C8 originate above T1, T1-L5 originate below respective vertebrae
3. brachial plexus runs under clavicle from C5-T1 supply arms, lumbar and lumbosacral from L2-S2 supply legs

Question 11

brachial plexus

Answer 11

1. musculocutaneous; C5-7 along ant arm to elbow, supply elbow flexors
2. radial C5-T1 along post arm, cross elbow to head of radius, down post forearm on radial side, supply wrist, finger and elbow extensors and rad dev
3. medial; C5-T1 medial arm cross cubtial fossa down med ant forearm thru carpal tunnel; supply wrist flex and finger flex on thenar side
4. ulnar; C7-T1 medial arm to ulnar side ant forearm to hand to hypothenar side, wrist flex, ulnar dev, and finger flex

Question 12

lumbar and lumbosacral plexi

Answer 12

1. femoral; L2-4 thru pelvis along psoas under inguinal lig pass through ant of hip into muscles of outer thigh; supply hip flexors and knee extensors
2. obturator; L2-4 thru pelvis along psoas to med thigh, supply adductors
3. sciatic; L4-S2 posterior side gluteal/femur region exit pelvis through greater sciatic foramen; supply hip extensors and knee flexors, split into tibial and common fibular
4. tibial; down post leg, supply plantarflexors
5. common fibular; split into deep down ant and superficial lat leg, dorsiflexors and everters

Question 13

1. abdomen bony attachments
2. thoracolumbar fascia
3. rectus sheath
4. linea alba

Answer 13

1. Pelvic ring comp sacroiliac joint to iliac chest to ASIS to inguinal lig to pubic symphysis; rib cage thoracic vertebrae, rib, costal cartilage, and sternum
2. Posterior side, anchor spinal muscles and extremity muscles to sp of thoracic and lumbar, 3 layers post, mid, anchor lat dorsi and gluteus Maximus, transverse abdominis and internal oblique attach to deep layers, wrap around quadratus lumborum and erector spinae
3. CT attaching from linea alba, wrap around rectus abdominis attach to post wall
4. White CT along ant centre of abdomen to anchor muscles

Question 14

ant abdominal wall:
1. external oblique
2. internal oblique
3. rectus abdominis
4. transverse abdominis

Answer 14

1. Most superficial, originate from ribs 5-12, travel inf and ant to insert on linea alba, flex trunk, ipsilateral flexion, contralateral rotation
2. Deep to ext oblique, originate from deep thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, pubic symphysis, and ribs 10-12, insert on linea alba, flex trunk, ipislateral flexion and rotation
3. Originate from pubic symphysis and pubis, blend into linea alba and insert on Xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7, flex trunk & post pelvic tilt; surrounded by rectus sheath
4. Originate from costal cartilages of 6-12, deep thoracolumbar fascia, and iliac crest, form ring around abdomen, insert on linea alba, compress trunk during expiration, some ipsilateral rotation

Question 15

post abdominal wall:
1. quadratus lumborom
2. psoas muscles

Answer 15

1. wrapped in thoracolumbar fascia, originating from tp of L1-4 and iliac crest, insert on rib 12, ipsilateral flexion, aid in spine extension
2. Originate from T12 and lumbar TPs and bodies, insert on lesser trochanter, flex lumbar spine