spine Flashcards
● central axis of the skeleton and is centered in the midsagittal plane of the posterior part of the trunk
● composed of small segments of bone called ______
Vertebral Column / Spine, vertebra
child bones
adult bones
33
26
Disks of fibrocartilage that separates the vertebral bodies and act as cushions to the spine
intervertebral disks
Each disk has a central mass of soft, pulpy, semi gelatinous material called the _________
nucleus pulposus
which is surrounded by an outer fibrocartilaginous disk called the _____
annulus fibrosus
rupture or protrusion of pulpy nucleus into the vertebral canal, thereby impinging on the spinal nerve, occurs in lumbar region
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) / Slipped Disk
5 Regions of the Vertebral Column
● Cervical Vertebrae - 7 bones
● Thoracic Vertebrae - 12 bones
● Lumbar Vertebrae - 5 bones
● Sacral Vertebrae - 5 bones / 1 bone
● Coccygeal Vertebrae - 3 or 5 bones / 1
bone
true or movable vertebrae.
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar
false or fixed vertebrae
Sacrum and Coccyx
Convex Anteriorly (Lordotic Curves)
Cervical and Lumbar Curve
Concave Anteriorly (Kyphotic Curves)
Thoracic and Pelvic Curve
called primary curves because they are present at birth.
Thoracic and Pelvic Curves
called secondary or compensatory curves because they develop after birth.
Cervical and Lumbar Curves
develops when the child begins to hold the head up at about 3 or 4 months.
Cervical vertebrae
d evelops when the child begin to walk at about 1 to 1.5 years of age
Lumbar vertebrae
- abnormal increase in the anterior concavity (posterior convexity) of the thoracic curve, humpback
Kyphosis
abnormal increase in the anterior convexity (posterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical curve, swayback
Lordosis
- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Scoliosis
- describes a spinal curve to the right (“dextro” = right). Usually occurring in the thoracic spine, this is the most common type of curve.
Dextroscoliosis
- describes a spinal curve to the left (“levo” = left). Common in the lumbar spine.
Levoscoliosis
the anterior mass of bone.
body
the posterior ringlike
portion of the vertebra
Vertebral Arch
space between
the body and the vertebral arch.
vertebral foramen
formed by 2 pedicles and 2 laminae that support 4 articular processes, 2 transverse processes, and 1 spinous process
Vertebral Arch
arise from the junction of the pedicles and laminae to articulate with the vertebrae above and below, two superior and two inferior
Articular Processes
articulations between the articular
processes of the vertebral arches
Zygapophyseal Joints / Interarticular Facet Joints / Apophyseal Joints
atypical vertebrae
C1,C2, and C7
typical vertebrae
C3 to C6
1st cervical vertebra, ringlike structure with no body and has a very short spinous process, consists of an anterior arch, a posterior arch, 2 lateral masses, and 2 transverse processes.
C1 or Atlas
Divides the arches of C1 into anterior and posterior portions. The anterior portion of the ring receives the dens (odontoid process) of the axis, and the posterior portion transmits the proximal spinal cord.
transverse atlantal ligament
2nd cervical vertebra, has a strong conical process arising from the upper surface of its body. This process is called the _ or _ Process.
C2 or Axis, dens or odontoid
long, prominent spinous process that projects almost horizontally to the posterior.
C7 / Vertebra Prominens
spinous process are short and has double pointed
bifid tips
intervertebral foramina of the cervical region are directed anteriorly at a _____ degree angle from the midsagittal plane of the body.
45
foramina are also directed at a ______ degree inferior angle to the horizontal plane of the body.
15
zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic vertebrae form an angle of _____ degree to the midsagittal plane of the
body
70 to 75
smoothly rounded projection on the back of each superior articular process.
Mamillary Process
back of the root of the transverse process.
Accessory Process
part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes, neck area of scottie dog
Pars Interarticularis
zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar region are inclined posteriorly from the coronal plane, forming an angle of ____ degree to the midsagittal plane of the body
30 to 50
best position to demonstrates the thoracic foramina
AP Projection
mastoid tip, 1 inch below EAM
C1
Gonion
C3
Adam’s apple
C4 /C5
body of T1
vertebra prominens
1.5 inches superior to jugular notch
T1
jugular notch
T2 / T3
sternal angle
Junction of T4 and T5
3 to 4 inches inferior to the jugular notch or at the midpoint of the jugular notch and the xiphoid process
T7
xiphoid process
junction of T9 and T10
greater trochanter
symphysis pubis
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
(ASIS)
S1/S2
Iliac Crest
Junction of L4 and L5
The lowest margin of the ribs
L2 - L3
Xiphoid Tip
Junction of T9 - T10
fracture of the Dens
Odontoid fx.
kyphosis with onset in adolescence
Scheuermann’s Disease / Adolescent Kyphosis
Comminuted fracture of
the ring of C1
jefferson fx
Fracture that causes
compaction of bone and a decrease in
length or width.
Compression fx
congenital condition in
which the posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop, thus exposing part of the spinal cord. Occurs most often at L5
Spina Bifida
generic term used to describe an injury to the neck caused when the neck is suddenly and/or violently jolted in one direction to another. occurs in people who have experienced a vehicular accident.
whiplash
Fracture of the anterior arch of C2 due to hyperextension, introduced by Schneider in 1965
hangman’s fx
result from a hyperflexion force that causes fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements, back seat passenger restrained by a lap seatbelt and involved in a motor vehicle accident or that of a person who has fallen from a height
Chance fx
fractures of the spinous process of a lower cervical vertebra (usually C7), and are usually a stress fracture
Clay-shoveler’s fractures
mechanism of injury is compression with hyperflexion in the cervical region. The vertebral body is comminuted, with triangular fragments avulsed from the anteroinferior border and fragments from the posterior vertebral body displaced into the spinal canal.
Teardrop Burst Fracture
inflammation of the vertebrae
spondylitis
inflammatory condition that usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses up the vertebral column. The spine may become completely rigid as the intervertebral and costovertebral joints fuse
Ankylosing spondylitis
forward displacement of a vertebra, especially
the fifth lumbar vertebra, most
commonly occurring after a break or fracture.
Spondylolisthesis
Backward displacement is referred to as
retrolisthesis.
defect or fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch.
Spondylolysis
term referring to
degenerative osteoarthritis of the joints
of the spinal vertebrae
Spondylosis
occurs when
the vertebra takes on a characteristic of the adjacent region of the spine. Most often in the lumbosacral region in which the vertebrae possess enlarged transverse processes. Another example of transitional vertebra involves the cervical and lumbar ribs.
Transitional Vertebra
congenital anomaly, in which the transverse process of the last lumbar vertebra (L5) fuses to the sacrum on one side or both, or to ilium, or both.
Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra
condition of being dislocated
Luxation
incomplete or partial dislocation
Subluxation
condition is
characterized by loss of bone mass.
Osteoporosis
