digestive Flashcards
function of the digestive system is to break down food via hydrolysis into simpler substances or molecules, called ___, that can be used by the body’s cells.
nutrients
chemical breakdown of a compound due to water interaction
hydrolysis
taking the food into the body.
ingestion
physical movement or pushing of food along the digestive tract
peristalsis
breakdown of food of both mechanical and chemical mechanisms
digestion
Passage of digestive food from the body from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic system for distribution to the body’s cells.
absorption
Elimination from the body of those substances that are ingestible and cannot be absorbed
defacation
Musculomembranous tube that extends to mount to the anus.
alimentary canal
accessory gland
liver,
gallbladder,
pancreas,
salivary gland
Food is masticated and converted into a bolus by salivation.
mouth
organ of swallowing
pharynx, esophagus
Where the digestive process
begins.
stomach
The digestive process
is completed.
small intestine
Organ of egestion and
water absorption.
large intestine
- also called buccal cavity
- first division of the digestive system
● roof of the oral cavity is formed by the
hard and soft palates
● floor is formed by the tongue, and it
communicates with the pharynx
posteriorly via the oropharynx.
● encloses the dental arches and receives the saliva secreted by the salivary
glands.
mouth or oral cavity
space between the teeth and the cheeks
oral vestibule
mouth proper, space within the dental arches
oral cavity
chewing
mastication
act of swallowing
deglutition
● Accessory organs of digestion
● Produce approx. __ of saliva
● The chewing movements initiate the
mechanical part of digestion
salivary glands, 1L
3 glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- Largest salivary gland
- “near the ear”
- Located anterior to the external ear.
parotid glands
- Large, irregularly shaped glands
- Submaxillary
- Below mandible and maxillary.
submandibular gland
- Smallest pair, narrow, and elongated in form
- “Below the tongue”
sublingual gland
● term applied to the radiologic examination of the salivary glands and duct with the use of a contrast material, usually one of the water-soluble iodinated contrast media.
● used to show such conditions as inflammatory lesions and tumors.
sialography
Basic Views for Sialography
tangential, lateral, axial projection/intra-oral projection
parotid
tangential
parotid and submandibular
lateral
submandibular and sublingual
axial projection/intra-oral projection
● Posterior to the oral cavity
● The pharyngeal is subdivided into nasal,
oral, and laryngeal portions.
pharynx
length of pharynx
5 inches (12.5cm)
3 pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
- Found posterior above the soft and hard palates.
- Anteriorly communicates with the posterior apertures of the nose.
nasopharynx
- Extending from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.
- The base or root of the tongue forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx
oropharynx
- Hypopharynx
- Extends inferiorly and is continuous
with the esophagus.
laryngopharynx
● AP and lateral using positive contrast
● The exposure must coincide with the
peak of anterior movement of the larynx
● Gunson method = String method
pharyngography
● Long, muscular tube that carries food and saliva from the laryngopharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
expanded portion of the terminal esophagus, which lies in the abdomen, is called the
cardiac antrum
esophagus measure
10 inches long (25cm) and 3⁄4inch diameter ( 2cm)
Ring of muscle found within the opening of the hole.
sphincters
prevent reflux to avoid reflux esophagitis.
upper and lower sphincter
wavelike series of
involuntary muscular contractions that propel solid and semisolid materials through the alimentary canal.
peristalsis
collapsible tube that
opens only when swallowing occurs,
Peristaltic contraction starts here.
esophagus
● Also called barium swallow
● Used to demonstrate the form and
function of the pharynx and esophagus.
esophagogram
● Most dilated portion of the alimentary canal
● Shape and position of the stomach is highly variable from one body habitus to another.
stomach
Food stays in the stomach for
2-6 hours (average of 3-4)
stomach 4
● Esophagogastric junction (cardiac orifice)
● Cardiac sphincter
● Pyloric orifice or pylorus
● Pyloric sphincter
aperture or opening between the esophagus and the stomach
Esophagogastric junction (cardiac orifice)
small, circular muscle that allows food and fluid to pass through the cardiac orifice
cardiac sphincter
the opening or orifice of the distal stomach.
pyloric orifice or pylorus
thickened muscular ring that relaxes periodically during digestion, to allow stomach or gastric contents to move into the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
ballooned portion that lies lateral and
superior to the cardiac antrum of the
esophagus
fundus
in the upright position, the fundus is
usually filled by the bubble of swallowed air. This is referred to as a
gastric bubble.
largest portion of the stomach
body
as slight dilation immediately distal to the angular notch;
pyloric antrum
ends the pyloric sphincter.
pyloric canal
Stomach; high, transverse, and in the middle; extends from approx T9 to T12 with the center of the stomach 2.5 cm distal to the xiphoid process.
hypersthenic
High, upper left, J-shaped, T11 to L2 or lower
sthenic
J-shaped, T11 to L5 or lower. At the pelvis when standing.
hyposthenic / asthenic
● Radiographic examination of the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
● Purpose of the _ is to study radiographically the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, and to detect abnormal anatomic and functional conditions.
upper GI series
● 95% of water is absorbed in this place.
● A major portion of the absorption and
digestion occurs here
● Most drugs are absorbed her
small intestine
Food stays __ hours in the small
intestine.
4-5
small intestine measure
21 feet in length and averages 1 inch in
diameter
3 parts of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
● Shortest, widest, and most fixed portion of the small bowel.
● Located primarily in the RUQ and extending into the LUQ
duodenum
length of duodenum
20-25cm
joins the jejunum at a point called
duodenojejunal flexure
● Located primarily to the left of the midline in the LUQ, making up 2⁄5 of the remaining aspect of the small intestine.
● Radiographic reference point during a
small bowel study.
● Contains numeral mucosal folds (plicae
circulares) which increase the surface area to aid with the absorption of nutrients
jejunum
diameter of jejunum
Inner diameter is approximately 2.5 cm.
● Located primarily in the RLQ and LLQ.
● Makes up the distal 3⁄5 of the remaining aspect of the small intestine and is the
longest portion of the small intestine.
ileum
Radiographic study of the small intestines with the use of the contrast media.
small bowel series
Begins in the RLQ, just lateral to the ileocecal valve.
large intestine
4 major parts of large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Food stays in the LI for
5-25 hours.
Two flexures;
left (splenic) and right (hepatic) colic flexures.
Large blind pouch located inferior to the level of the ileocecal valve.
cecum
The most distal part of the small intestine, the ileum, joints the cecum at the ___. Acts as a sphincter, Prevent reflux
ileocecal valve
Long, narrow,
worm shaped tube that extends from the cecum. Occasionally, fecal matter or barium sulfate from a GI tract study may fill the appendix and remain there indefinitely
vermiform appendix
anal canal terminates as an opening to the exterior, the
anus
rectum begins at the level of __ and is about 12 cm long (4 1⁄2 inches).
S3, 12 cm long (4 1/2 inches)
The final __ of large intestine is constricted to form the anal canal.
2.5 to 4 cm (1 to 1 1⁄2 inches)
● Radiographic study of the large intestine.
● Purpose is to demonstrate radiographically the form and function of the large intestine to detect any abnormal conditions.
● Both the single-contrast and the double-contrast barium enema involve the study of the entire large intestine.
barium enema
