Spine

Question 1

What are the three purposes of the spine?

Answer 1

protection, stability, mobility

Question 2

How many degrees of motion in spine mobility?

Answer 2

3

Question 2

What forces does the spine provide stability against?

Answer 2

tension, compression, bending, twisting

Question 3

Neuromobility

Answer 3

-sliding/gliding and tensioning/slacking can happen
-nerves CAN’T stretch
**chain link fence

Question 4

What does anterior column consist of?

Answer 4

vertebrae, intervertebral discs

Question 5

What does posterior column consist of?

Answer 5

bony rings, facets, and foramen

Question 6

Purpose of vertebral foramen

Answer 6

-creates spinal canal which houses spinal cord (central nerves)

Question 7

Purpose of intervertebral foramen

Answer 7

houses the nerve roots (PN)

Question 8

Spinal regions

Answer 8

-cervical: C1-C7
-thoracic: T1-T12
-lumbar: L1-L5
-sacrum: 5 fused
-coccyx: 4 fused

Question 9

Sagittal plane development

Answer 9

-C spine lordosis develops w/ head lift
-L spine lordosis develops w/ sitting

Question 10

Cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)characteristics

Answer 10

-vertebral bodies have joints of Luschka
-transverse processes have vertebral artery foramen
-bifid spinous process
-facet planes on an 30-45 degree, oblique plane

Question 11

Typical cervical vertebrae characteristics

Answer 11

-shorter spinous process
-large and triangular vertebral foramen
-superior and inferior facets

Question 12

Thoracic vertebrae characteristics

Answer 12

-triangular body shape
-vertebral foramen- relatively small
-transverse processes - swept posteriorly
-articular facets for ribs
-spinous process (long and swept inferiorly)
-facet planes more vertically inclined

Question 13

Thoracic spine rule

Answer 13

T1-T3 SP and TP same level
T4-T6 SP 1/2 level below TP
T7-T9 SP full level below TP
T10 full level below
T11 1/2 level below
T12 same level

Question 14

Purpose of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar

Answer 14

-cervical: mobility
-thoracic: stability/protection
-lumbar: stability

Question 15

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics

Answer 15

-large body
-transverse and spinous processes: thick and broad
-large discs for WB
-facet planes

Question 16

What does a spinal segment consist of?

Answer 16

-adjacent halves of two vertebrae
-disc
-contents of vertebral and intervertebral foramen
-facets
-associated ligaments, muscle, fascia

Question 17

What does the disc (anterior joint) consist of?

Answer 17

-annulus fibrosis
-nucleus pulposis (rich w/ proteoglycans)
-vertebral end plates

Question 18

What are facet joints created by?

Answer 18

inferior articular process of superior vertebra, superior articular process of inferior vertebra

Question 19

What are joints of luschka?

Answer 19

C3-C6
-allows WB force transmission across anterior elements
-allows flex/ext tracking

Question 20

What type of load do facet joints bear? How much?

Answer 20

Compressive load; 30%

Question 21

What type of load do intervertebral discs bear? How much?

Answer 21

Shear and torsional loads; 70%

Question 22

What muscles are in the anterior chain?

Answer 22

Longus colli and psoas

Question 23

What muscles are in the posterior chain?

Answer 23

Paraspinals, glutes, and hs

Question 24

Which muscles are the movers?

Answer 24

Erector spinae, rectus abdominus, obliques, glute max, hs

Question 25

Which muscles are stabilizers?

Answer 25

Multifidus, rotators, pelvic floor, diaphragm, TVA

Question 26

Ilial motions in relation to sacrum

Answer 26

Rotations, out/inflare, up/down slips

Question 27

Sacral motions

Answer 27

Flex/ext, rotations

Question 28

Pubic motion

Answer 28

Upslip

Question 29

What are the functions of the sub-cranial region?

Answer 29

-supports the head on the spine
-encases and protects neural elements
-allows for quick motions and reflexive balance and righting rxns

Question 30

What is C1 and C2?

Answer 30

C1 - Atlas
C2 - Axis

Question 31

Characteristics of C1

Answer 31

-no vertebral body
-large superior facets
-articulates w/ dens from C2 to allow large range of rotation

Question 32

Characteristics of C2

Answer 32

-dens projects from body into C1 ring
-dens is anterior superior to spinal cord and is where head rotation occurs

Question 33

What motions occur at occiput-C1 and C1-C2?

Answer 33

Occiput-C1 = flex/ext, SB
C1-C2 = rotation of 1/2 cervical motion

Question 34

Occipital-Atlanta (OA) joint

Answer 34

-2 articulations
-atlas and occipital
-allows flex/ext

Question 35

Articulations and motion of Atlanta-Axial (AA) joint

Answer 35

-3 articulations (2 lateral between inferior and superior facets C1 and C2, 1 median between dens and anterior arch of atlas)
-side to side head turns

Question 36

Fryette’s First Law

Answer 36

When the spine is in neutral, SB-ing to one side will be accompanied by rotation to the opposite side

Question 37

Fryette’s Second Law

Answer 37

When the spine is in a flex/ext position, SB-ing to one side will be accompanied by rotation to the SAME side

Question 38

Fryette’s Third Law

Answer 38

When motion is introduced in one plane it will modify/reduce motion in the other two planes

Question 39

Fryette’s Laws regarding cervical

Answer 39

Not relevant b/c in c/s SB-ing and rotation always occur to SAME side

Question 40

Facet open/close: lumbar/thoracic

Answer 40

SB R = R closes/L opens
SB L = L closes/R opens
Flex = both open
Ext = both close
Rot R = R opens/L closes
Rot L = L opens/R closes

Question 41

Facet open/close: cervical

Answer 41

SB R/Rot R = R closes
SB L/Rot L = L closes
Flex = both open
Ext = both close