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T1- spinalbiomech > SpinalBioMech Midterm 2 Lec 4-7 > Flashcards

SpinalBioMech Midterm 2 Lec 4-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Mechanical Advantage

A

Measure of mechanical effiency of a lever system

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2
Q

What is a mechanical advantage dependent on?

A

the type of lever system & the relationship btw the torque of an external force & the torque of a muscular force

(determined by length of MAs)

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3
Q

M Ad means?

A

mechanical advantage

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4
Q

What does EA stand for

A

Effort Arm

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5
Q

RA stands for ?

A

Resistance arm

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6
Q

Third class levers do what type of action?

A

Concentric Contraction

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7
Q

+>1 = mechanical _________

A

Advantage

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8
Q

0< 1 = mechanical ____________

A

disadvantage

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9
Q

Second class levers do _________ movements

A

eccentric

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10
Q

Which lever system is always at disadvantage?

A

Third-class levers

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11
Q

The effort force magnitude must always exceed the _______ ________ magnitude

A

Resistance force

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12
Q

The effort force magnitude must always _______ the resistance force magnitude

A

exceed

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13
Q

The third class lever systems the mechanical advantage is (less/ greater) than one

A

LESS

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Second class levers are always at the mechanical _______

A

advantage

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16
Q

The mechanical advantage of of a second class lever is ______ than 1

A

M Ad = greater than one

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17
Q

First class levers can be at mechanical advantage, disadvantage, or neutral.

they are most often at mechaical ______

A

disadvantage

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18
Q

_______ chain has one end of segment or set of segments is free to move in space

A

Open chain

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19
Q

Open chains are :

A

where one end of the segment is free to move in space

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20
Q

Define closed chain

A

both sends of the segment are not free to move in space

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21
Q

1st class:

vs.

2nd class:

vs.

3rd class:

A

1st class: advantage, disadvantage, neurtal

2nd class: always mech. advantage

3rd: always disadvantage

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22
Q

The fxn of a joint is dependent on what 2 variables ?

A
  1. structure (design)
  2. Composition (materials)
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23
Q

More mobility of a joint = ______ stability

A

Less

24
Q

The more stable a joint = _______ movement

A

less

25
Q

Adaptation of bone to demand is ________ Law

A

Wolff’s Law

26
Q

Wolff’s Law:

A

” Every change in the fxn of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture and its external conformation.”

27
Q

bone & collagen have electrical fields which exhibit _____ _______

A

Piezoelectic properties

28
Q

bone and collagen are made of ______ and _______ materials, which have electrical fields that exhibit piezoelectric properties

A

crystalline and semicrystaline

29
Q

Increase tension on bones causes a ______ effect

A

anode effect (+)

30
Q

Increase compression on bone causes a ______ effect

A

cathode (-)

31
Q

What are the 4 classes of Human CT

A
  1. CT proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
32
Q

CT proper varies in _______ & _______

A

Density & elasticity

33
Q

What are the three CT types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

34
Q

What is the hardest CT?

A

Bone

35
Q

Name the 2 types of bone

A
  1. Compact- cortical
  2. Spongy - cancellous, trabecular
36
Q

another name for compact bone

A

cortical

37
Q

another name for spongy bone

A

cancellous, trabecular

38
Q

What is the most abundent protein in the body

A

Collagen

39
Q

Main substance of CT and some times refered to as the glue of the body ?

A

collagen

40
Q

Collagen accounts for ___ - ____ % of all protein found in mammals

A

25-30%

41
Q

Do ligaments have more collagen or elastin

A

collagen

42
Q

________: few cells with much extra cellular material / matrix (ECM)

A

Ligaments

43
Q

_________: are ostly collagen with some elastin

A

ligaments

44
Q

__________ : connect muscle to bone

A

tendons

45
Q

________: flat sacs of synovial membrane containing snovial fluid

A

bursea

46
Q

What type of substance are in bursea?

A

synovial

47
Q

________ is white cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

48
Q

_________: tough with limited molbility; occurs in jts with limited mobility

A

Fibrocartilage

49
Q

Articulating cartilage is _____

A

hyaline

50
Q

_________ : tough & very smooth; occurs at the ends of bone. Reduces friction

A

hyaline

51
Q

Yellow cartilage is _______

A

elastic

52
Q

_______: very flexible & resilient; occurs in ears, nose and skin

A

elastic

53
Q

ligaments are:

_____% celluar

A

20 %

54
Q

Ligaments are _____% extracelluar

A

80%

55
Q

Fxn of extracellular matrix

A

provides structural support for cells, attract and binds water

56
Q
A

T1- spinalbiomech (6 decks)

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