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Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 > Spinal Cord Function and Dysfunction > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Function and Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

how many spinal segments

A

31

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2
Q

how many spinal nerves

A

31

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3
Q

number of nerves from each segment of the spinal cord?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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4
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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5
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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6
Q

How many sacral vertebrae

A

5

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7
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae

A

1

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8
Q

Nerves leave the vertebral column through ….

A

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA

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9
Q

There are 2 enlargements in the spinal cord for what reason

A

Innervation of the limbs

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10
Q

Where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A

Cervical (C3-T1) enlargement

Lumbar (L1-S3) enlargement

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11
Q

Which vertebrae is the cervical enlargement

A

C3-T1)

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12
Q

Which vertebrae is the lumbar enlargement

A

L1-S3

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13
Q

At some point in development, growth of the vertebral column is faster than that of the spinal cord, so the further down the vertebral column you go, what happens?

A

the further the nerves have to travel downwards to find their respective foramina

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14
Q

What vertebral level does the spinal cord end

A

L2

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15
Q

What is either side of the epidural space

A

Dura and vertebral periosteum

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16
Q

Layers of the meninges, out to in?

A

DAP - dura, arachnoid, pia

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17
Q

Pia is the Xmost layer of the meninges

A

Innermost

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18
Q

Pia mater adheres tightly to the …

A

Spinal cord

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19
Q

Arachnoid mater is ballooned up against the …

A

Dura mater

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20
Q

What is either side of the subarachnoid space

A

The arachnoid and Pia mater

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21
Q

Epidural nerve block is between what vertebral levels?

A

L4 and L5

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22
Q

Spinal nerve block is between what vertebral levels? What space is the anaesthetic infected into

A

between L3 and L4, subarachnoid

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23
Q

Grey matter in the spinal cord contains…

A

Cell bodies

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24
Q

Spinal matter in the spinal cord contains…

A

Axon tracts

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25
Q

DERMATOME is defined as:

A

AREA OF SKIN INNERVATED BY ONE SINGLE SPINAL NERVE OR SPINAL SEGMENT

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26
Q

Muscle nerve fibres will come out of which root of the spinal cord

A

Anterior

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27
Q

What travels through the dorsal horns of the spinal cord and in what direction

A

into these go the sensory nerves

28
Q

What travels through the ventral horns of the spinal cord and in what direction

A

out of these go the motor neurones

29
Q

Where is the sulcus in the spinal cord found

A

Posterolaterally

30
Q

Where is the fissure found in the spinal cord

A

Anterolaterally

31
Q

What type of nerve fibres are in the fasciculus gracilis tract in the spinal cord

A

Sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) from ipsilateral lower limb

32
Q

What type of nerve fibres are in the fasciculus cuneatus tract in the spinal cord

A

Sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) from ipsilateral upper limb

33
Q

What type of nerve fibres are in the spinocerebellar tract in the spinal cord

A

Proprioception from limbs to cerebellum

34
Q

What type of nerve fibres are in the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal cord

A

Motor to ipsilateral anterior horn

35
Q

What type of nerve fibres are in the spinothalamic tract in the spinal cord

A

Pain temperature fibres from contralateral side of the body

36
Q

What type of nerve fibres are in the anterior corticospinal tract in the spinal cord

A

Motor to ipsi and contralateral anterior horn

37
Q

What happens to nerve fibres in the anterior white commissure in the spinal cord (2)

A

Pain and temperature fibres and anterior corticospinal tract fibres cross

38
Q

Which is more medial, fasciculus cuneatus or fasciculus gracilis in the spinal cord

A

Gracilis

39
Q

Which is more lateral, fasciculus cuneatus or fasciculus gracilis in the spinal cord

A

Cuneatus

40
Q

What tract has fibres: Motor to ipsi and contralateral anterior horn

A

anterior corticospinal tract

41
Q

What tract has fibres: Pain temperature fibres from contralateral side of the body

A

Spinothalamic

42
Q

What tract has fibres: Motor to ipsilateral anterior horn

A

Lateral coricospical tract

43
Q

What tract has fibres: Proprioception from limbs to cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar

44
Q

What tract has fibres: Sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) from ipsilateral upper limb

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

45
Q

What tract has fibres: Sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) from ipsilateral lower limb

A

Fasciculus gracilis

46
Q

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT is the main descending tract for…

A

Voluntary movement

47
Q

Main descending pathway for voluntary movement is the …

A

corticospinal tract

48
Q

Main sensory pathway for pain/temp is the …

A

spinothalamic tract

49
Q

spinothalamic tract is the Main sensory pathway for …

A

for pain/temp

50
Q

Dorsal column pathways are the main sensory pathways for ….

A

touch/proprioception

51
Q

Sensory system is generally composed of how many neurones

A

3

52
Q

What are the 3 neurones in the sensory system

A

Skin-> spinal cord/medulla
spinal cord/medulla -> thalamus
thalamus -> cortex

53
Q

Where do dorsal column sensory neurons cross?

A

After primary neurone synapses with the secondary spinal cord neurone

54
Q

Where do spinothalamic primary neurons synapse

A

In the spinal cord the same vertebral level they enter

55
Q

Where do fasciculus cuneatus/gracilis (dorsal column) primary neurons synapse

A

Medulla

56
Q

Secondary neurones tend to become/stay contra or ipsilateral?

A

Become contralateral

57
Q

Spasticity is a heightened XX in someone with injury to the Y

A

XX - reflex pathway

Y - brain

58
Q

Describe a reflex pathway starting from muscle sensory nerve sensing stretching? (In which way is

A

muscle sensory nerve senses stretching -> nerve sends signal to the spinal cord where it synapses directly on alpha motor neuron in the anterior horn and an inhibitory interneuron -> alpha motor neuron to the extensor excites, and inhibitory interneuron inhibits antagonist muscle neuron

59
Q

Describe the corticospinal tract for voluntary movement

A

voluntary movement will start in the motor cortex. Single neuron in the brain synapses a single neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord where it then goes out the ventral root to find its muscle ting.

could also cross over at the medulla

60
Q

Thoracolumbar is X outflow.

A

sympathetic

61
Q

Craniosacral is X outflow.

A

parasympathetic

62
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING SEVERITY OF SPINAL LESION: (3)

A
  • Amount of loss of neural tissue
  • Vertical level (higher = more serious)
  • Transverse plane (how much of the cord is damaged- more tracts = more deficits)
63
Q

Ways of LOSS OF NEURAL TISSUE: (3)

A

trauma
metastases
degenerative disease

64
Q

Most common spinal injuries?

A

Broken neck/back

65
Q

Most common cause of spinal injury

A

road traffic accidents, accidents during sports or recreation or falls (in older people)

66
Q

2 stages of injury to the lateral corticospinal tract? What type of paralysis in each stage?

A

1: spinal shock: loss of reflex activity below the lesion lasting for days/weeks = flaccid paralysis
2: return of reflexes: hyperreflexia and/or spasticity =. rigid paralysis

67
Q

explain Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

XXXX

Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 (18 decks)

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