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Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 > Development of CNS > Flashcards

Development of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of the neural tube of the developing embryo

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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2
Q

which is the inner layer of the neural tube of the developing embryo

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

which is the outer layer of the neural tube of the developing embryo

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

How does the neuroepithelium form

A

 Dorsal flexion of the ectoderm, and medial thickening of the ectoderm begins around 3 weeks

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5
Q

When does the neuroepithelium begin to form

A

begins around 3 weeks

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6
Q

Dorsal flexion of the ectoderm, and medial thickening of the ectoderm beginning around 3 weeks forms the …

A

neuroepithelium

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7
Q

the neuroepithelium is the …

A

wall of the neural tube

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8
Q

the wall of the neural tube is known as…

A

the neuroepithelium

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9
Q

Closure of the neural tube forms the …

A

neural canal

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10
Q

the neural canal forms on the closure of …

A

the neural tube

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11
Q

The neural crest develops lateral to the…

A

Neural canal

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12
Q

Lateral to the Neural canal you find …

A

the neural crest

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13
Q

The embryological basis of the dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons are the …

A

neural crest cells

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14
Q

The neural crest cells go on to form …

A

the dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons

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15
Q

NEUROBLASTS are …

A

Precursors to all neurons with cell bodies in the CNS

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16
Q

GLIOBLASTS are …

A

Precursors to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (the glial cells)

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17
Q

EPENDYMAL CELLS purpose is to …

A

These line the ventricles and the central canal

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18
Q

What cell is: These line the ventricles and the central canal

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

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19
Q

What cells are: Precursors to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (the glial cells)

A

Glioblasts

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20
Q

What cell are: Precursors to all neurons with cell bodies in the CNS

A

neuroblasts

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21
Q

Origin of microglia?

A

microglia arise systemically and migrate to the brain after development

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22
Q

What cells arise systemically and migrate to the brain after development

A

Microglia

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23
Q

What cells do the neural crest differentiate into: (4)

A

Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia
POSTGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC NEURONS
SCHWANN CELLS – myelinating cells of the PNS

and Non-neuronal derivatives e.g. melanocytes

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24
Q

What cells do the neuroepithelium differentiate into (3)

A

Ependymal cells
Glioblasts
Neuroblasts

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25
Q

These cells originate from:
Ependymal cells
Glioblasts
Neuroblasts

A

neuroepithelium

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26
Q

These cells originate from:
Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia
POSTGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC NEURONS
SCHWANN CELLS – myelinating cells of the PNS

and Non-neuronal derivatives e.g. melanocytes

A

Neural crest cells

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27
Q

Neuroblasts are formed on the X layer but migrate Y

A

X - ependymal

Y - outward

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28
Q

Cell bodies of neurons form the X matter in the brain

A

Grey

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29
Q

Glial cells migrate to what type of matter (grey/white)

A

Both

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30
Q

Grey matter is mainly composed of …

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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31
Q

What type of glial cell is found in white matter mostly

A

Oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

5 different layers/sections of the neural tube?

A 
Ependymal 
Dorsal 
Ventral 
Marginal
Mantle
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33
Q

In the neural tube where is the ependymal layer? It’s function?

A

Innermost, where many neuronal cells originate

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34
Q

In the neural tube where is the marginal layer? It’s type of matter?

A

Marginal layer = white matter = outside

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35
Q

In the neural tube where is the mantle layer? It’s type of matter?

A

Mantle layer = grey matter (cell bodies) = middle, outer to the ependymal layer but inside the marginal layer

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36
Q

In the neural tube where is the roof plate?

A

Dorsally

37
Q

In the neural tube where is the floor plate?

A

Ventrally

38
Q

Ventral fibres are more [efferent/afferent]

A

Efferent

39
Q

Dorsal fibres are more [efferent/afferent]

A

Afferent

40
Q

Afferent fibres are found more commonly [ventrally/dorsally]

A

Dorsally

41
Q

Efferent fibres are found more commonly [ventrally/dorsally]

A

Ventrally

42
Q

Example of a signalling molecule that controls differentiation of neural cells? (think funny)

A

Sonic hedgehog

43
Q

In the spinal cord, grey matter is on the [inside/outside]?

A

Inside

44
Q

Dorsal neurons are in the what type of neurons in the developing spinal cord

A

Interneurons

45
Q

Ventral neurons are in the what type of neurons in the developing spinal cord

A

Motor and interneuromns

46
Q

What happens to the neural tube at the level of the brainstem

A

opens up It splits and becomes more lateral making the sensory neurons quite lateral

47
Q

What happens to sensory neurons at the level of the brainstem in development

A

the neural tube (alar plate) opens up It splits and becomes more lateral making the sensory neurons quite lateral

48
Q

In the brainstem lateral neurons are [afferent/efferent] [sensory/motor] neurons

A

Afferent sensory

49
Q

In the brainstem medial neurons are [afferent/efferent] [sensory/motor] neurons

A

efferent motor

50
Q

In the brainstem efferent motor neurons are [medial/lateral]

A

Medial

51
Q

In the brainstem afferent sensory neurons are [medial/lateral]

A

Lateral

52
Q

The Future forebrain is known as the …

A

Prosencephalon

53
Q

The Future midbrain is known as the …

A

Mesencephalon

54
Q

The Future hindbrain is known as the …

A

Rhombencephalon

55
Q

the Mesencephalon becomes the …

A

midbrain

56
Q

the Rhombencephalon becomes the …

A

hindbrain

57
Q

the prosencephalon becomes the …

A

forebrain

58
Q

The 3 main vesicles of the developing brain is visible by …

A

4 weeks

59
Q

By 4 weeks in the developing brain you can see..

A

3 main vesicles

60
Q

The diencephalon contains…

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

61
Q

At 5 weeks the future brain develops

A

a division in the forebrain for the telencephalon and diencephalon

and division between the pons and medulla in the hindbrain

62
Q

the telencephalon becomes …

A

the cerebral cortex

63
Q

In the developing brain By 8 weeks you see…. (4)

A
  • Developing hemispheres in the forebrain
  • Appearance of the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle in the forebrain
  • Aqueduct in the midbrain
  • 4th ventricle in the hindbrain and developing cerebellum
64
Q

The three flexures are known as:

A

Cephalic, pontine and cervical

65
Q

From anterior to posterior the 3 flexures are

A

Cephalic, pontine and cervical

66
Q

Difference between layers of grey and white matter in the spinal cord vs the brain?

A

grey matter inside on spinal cord, outside in the Brain

White matter outside in the spinal cord, inside in the brain

67
Q

How many layers in the cerebral cortex?

A

6

68
Q

What guides migration of neurons in the cortex

A

radial glial cells

69
Q

How many layers of cells in the cerebellum

A

3

70
Q

Production of the 6 layer cortex involves the migration of neurons out along radial glial cells from the X zone out to the Y zone to form the Z plate

A

X - ventricular
Y - marginal
Z - cortical

71
Q

Production of the 6 layer cortex involves the migration of neurons out along radial glial cells from the X zone out to the Y zone to form the Z plate

A

X - ventricular
Y - marginal
Z - cortical

72
Q

What is non-closure of the neural tube associated with

A

lack of folate

73
Q

What is craniorachischisis

A

Completely open brain and spinal cord

74
Q

What is anencephaly

A

Open brain and lack of skull vault

75
Q

What is encephalocele

A

Herniation of the meninges (and brain)

76
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Closed asymptomatic NTD in which some of the vertebrae are not completely closed

77
Q

What is closed spinal dysraphism

A

Deficiency of at least two vertebral arches, here covered with a lipoma

78
Q

What is meningocele

A

Protrusion of the meninges (filed with CSF) through a defect in the skull or spine

79
Q

What is myelomeningocele

A

Open spinal cord with a meningeal cyst

80
Q

What is iniencephaly

A

Occipital skull and spine defects with extreme retroflexion of the head

81
Q

Open spinal cord with a meningeal cyst is known as….

A

myelomeningocele

82
Q

Occipital skull and spine defects with extreme retroflexion of the head is known as….

A

iniencephaly

83
Q

Protrusion of the meninges (filed with CSF) through a defect in the skull or spine is known as….

A

meningocele

84
Q

Deficiency of at least two vertebral arches, here covered with a lipoma is known as….

A

closed spinal dysraphism

85
Q

Closed asymptomatic NTD in which some of the vertebrae are not completely closed is known as….

A

spina bifida

86
Q

Herniation of the meninges (and brain) is known as….

A

encephalocele

87
Q

Open brain and lack of skull vault is known as….

A

anencephaly

88
Q

Completely open brain and spinal cord is known as….

A

craniorachischisis

89
Q

What nerves can sometimes regenerate and what can’t

A

peripheral sometimes, and CNS cannot

Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 (18 decks)

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