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Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

OLFACTORY SYSTEM can recognise X-Y number of different odours

A

2000-4000

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2
Q

Where is the Olfactory epithelium

A

in upper part of nose

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3
Q

primary neurons of the olfactory system are …

A

Bipolar olfactory neurons

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4
Q

support neurons of the olfactory system are …

A

Sustentacular cells

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5
Q
  • Olfactory receptor cells (bipolar) project into the XX and interact with second order neurons
A

Olfactory bulb

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6
Q

second order olfactory neurons, which are called project to… (along XX to YYY and then ZZ and ZZ)

A

to olfactory tract and then split into medial and lateral olfactory stria which then go to the piriform cortex of temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex

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7
Q

the 2nd order neurons of the olfactory system are…

A

mitral cells

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8
Q

Olfactory mitral cells are found in ….

A

olfactory bulb

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9
Q

the 2 cortices of the olfactory system are….

A

piriform cortex of temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex

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10
Q

ANOSMIA is…

A

Clinical deficit in response to smell

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11
Q

Loss of smell is common in people developing what? (2)

A

Parkinson’s (and also Alzheimer’s)

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12
Q

What is the role of the limbic system? (4)

A

 Maintenance of homeostasis vis activation of visceral effector mechanisms, modulation of pituitary hormone release and initiation of feeding and drinking
 Agonistic (defence and attack) behaviour
 Sexual and reproductive behaviour
 Memory

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13
Q

Describe the Papez circuit starting with experiencing an emotional experience in the cingulate cortex:

Describe circuit
Where does emotional colouring interplay?
Where is emotional expression?

A

Emotional experience -> informs cingulate cortex -> propagates to the hippocampus via cingulum bundle -> hippocampus outputs to the hypothalamus mammillary bodies via the fornix -> hypothalamus outputs to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus via the mammillo-thalamic tract -> this projects to the cingulate cortex again

Neocortex provides emotional colouring to the cingulate cortex

Emotional expression is hypothalamic

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14
Q

Hippocampus: main connections (afferent and efferent?)

What is each pathway involved in?

A
  • Afferent: Perforant pathway- part of the memory encoding process
    (also from cingulate cortex)
  • Efferent: Fimbria/fornix- all about memory and learning
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15
Q

Hippocampus: function? (2)

A
  • Memory and learning
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16
Q

Hippocampus: clinical problems that can arise in the hippocampus? (2)

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease (short-term memory problems), epilepsy (many epileptic foci are in the temporal lobe- where the hippocampus is embedded)
17
Q

which lobe is the hippocampus in?

A

Temporal

18
Q

Hippocampus sits on the floor of the …

A

lateral ventricle

19
Q

Fornices of the hippocampus terminate in the…

A

mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

20
Q

Alzheimer’s pathology at the cellular level looks like X and Y

A

tangles and plaques

21
Q

Which parts of the brain are affected in the early stages of Alzheimers and what does this lead to

A
  • Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex affected

- This leads to short-term memory problems

22
Q

Which parts of the brain are affected in the moderate stages of Alzheimers and what does this lead to

A
  • Parietal lobe affected

- This leads to dressing apraxia (inability to dress oneself)

23
Q

Which parts of the brain are affected in the late stages of Alzheimers and what does this lead to

A
  • Frontal lobe affected

- This leads to loss of executive skills

24
Q

Amygdala: main connections (afferent (5) and efferent?)

A
  • Afferent Olfactory cortex, septum, temporal neocortex, hippocampus, brainstem
  • Efferent Stria terminalis
25
Q

Amygdala: main functions? (4)

A
  • Fear and anxiety

- Fight or flight

26
Q

Amygdala: clinical problems can arise in the Amygdala? (2)

A
  • Bilateral damage to amygdala can lead to KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME
27
Q

Amygdala: location?

A
  • In the white matter of the anterior part of the temporal lobe
  • A medial temporal lobe structure
  • No ventricle should be seen on image
  • Anterior to hippocampus
28
Q

What is Kluver Bucy syndrome? (4)

A
  • Hyperorality (putting everything in mouth)
  • Loss of fear
  • Visual agnosia (can’t recognise things)
  • Hypersexuality
29
Q

Structures associated with aggression? (3 and 1 can be specific)

A
  • Hypothalamus (anterior parts)
  • Brainstem (Midbrain- grey matter around the cerebral aqueduct- periaqueductal grey)
  • Amygdala
30
Q

What NT and nuclei is involved in aggression?

A

is 5-HT (serotonin) in raphe nuclei (just below the PAG)

31
Q

What is the septum of the brain inbetween

A

SEPTUM (membrane between the 2 lateral ventricles anteriorly):

32
Q

Connections of the septum (afferent (4) efferent (3)

A
  • Afferent Amygdala, olfactory tract, hippocampus, brainstem
  • Efferent Stria medularis thalami, hippocampus, hypothalamus
33
Q

Function of the septum?

A
  • Reinforcement and reward
34
Q

Dopaminergic mesolimbic system neurons in the midbrain have fibres that project via the XXX

A

the median forebrain bundle

35
Q

the median forebrain bundle projects to …. (3)

A
  • They go to the nucleus accumbens (area we are interested in) but also the cortex and amygdala
36
Q

Where does the mesolimbic pathway start?

A

ventral tegmental area (VTN

37
Q

What side effect of dopamine pathway potentiation in treating Parkinsons do we have to look out for?

A

pathological gambling

38
Q

A, B, C, D and E all increase DA release in the nucleus accumbens

A

Opioids, nicotine, amphetamines, ethanol and cocaine

Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 (18 decks)

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