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Essential Neuroscience > Spinal Cord, Brain Control of Movement, and Motor Disorders > Flashcards

Spinal Cord, Brain Control of Movement, and Motor Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by _______, which in turn _______

A
  • the loss of myelin (oligodendrocytes) in the nervous system
  • slows the conduction of action potentials
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2
Q

Where do MS plaques tend to form? (3)

A

Axons that course near the surface of the lateral ventricles, in the floor of the 4th ventricle, or near the pial surfaces of the brainstem or spinal cord

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3
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) is affected by MS?

A

CNII: Optic nerve

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4
Q

In patients with MS, CSF contains elevated _____ and _____

A
  • Gamma globulin
  • T-lymphocytes
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5
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is caused by?

A

Acute inflammatory reaction of myelin formed by Schwann cells in the PNS, typically following a respiratory or gastrointestinal illness

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6
Q

In GBS, ____ axons are always affected and _____ axons are rarely or never affected.

A
  • Motor always affected
  • Sensory never affected
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7
Q

How many subtypes of GBS are there?

A
  1. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
  2. Miller Fisher syndrome
  3. Acute motor axonal neuropathy
  4. Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy
  5. Acute panautonomic neuropathy
  6. Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis

***For exam, don’t need to know names, just know there are 6***

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8
Q

Label the following aspects of the basal ganglia:

Internal capsule, Subthalamic nucleus, Caudate nucleus tale and body, Putamen, Thalamus, Substantia nigra, Globus palidus internal and external segments, Red nucleus, Cerebral peduncle

A
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9
Q

List the cranial nerves and functions.

***Pneumonic included on other side :)

A

Names:

  1. Oh - Olfactory
  2. Oh - Optic
  3. Oh - Oculomotor
  4. To - Trochlear
  5. Touch - Trigeminal
  6. And - Abducens
  7. Feel - Facial
  8. Very - Vestibulocochlear
  9. Good - Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagina - Vagus
  11. Ah - Accessory
  12. Heaven - Hypoglossal

Functions:

  1. Some - Sensory
  2. Say - Sensory
  3. Marry - Motor
  4. Money - Motor
  5. But - Both
  6. My - Motor
  7. Brother - Both
  8. Says - Sensory
  9. Big - Both
  10. Boobs - Both
  11. Matter - Motor
  12. Most - Motor
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10
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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11
Q

A typical spinal nerve contains 3 kinds of nerve fibers:

A
  1. Pseudounipolar sensory neurons
  2. Somatic pultipolar motor neurons
  3. Autonomic multipolar motor neruson
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12
Q

The cervical enlargement contains neurons that innervate ______

A

Upper limbs

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13
Q

The lumbar enlargement contains neurons that innervate _____

A

lower limbs

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14
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapering end of the spinal cord that gives rise to the cauda equina

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15
Q

The conus medullaris is located at _____ in adults and _____ in children

A

Adults: L1

Children: L2

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16
Q

In the spinal cord the dorsal horn is primarily composed of ____ neurons and the ventral horn is composed of _____ neurons

A

Dorsal horn: sensory

Ventral horn: motor

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17
Q

As a general rule, spino- refers to a _____ tract and spinal- refers to a _____ tract.

A

Spino- = sensory

Spinal- = motor

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18
Q

What is the function of the pyramidal system?

A

Non-postural precise movements of small muscles involved in skilful activity

Voluntary control

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19
Q

True or false. The pyramidal system is only present in mammals and achieving its greatest development in man.

A

True

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20
Q

What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?

A

Gross postural (stereotyped) movements involving large groups of muscles

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21
Q

What would be the result of a lesion to the extrapyramidal system?

A

Increased muscle tone (spasticity)

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22
Q

What is the function of first-order neurons in sensory tracts

A
  • Deliver sensation to the CNS from
  • Cell bodies in dorsal or cranial root ganglion
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23
Q

What is the function of second-order neurons in sensory tracts?

A
  • Interneuron that synapses with 1st order neuron
  • Cell body in spinal cord or brain
  • Decussation
24
Q

What is the function of third-order neurons in sensory tracts?

A
  • Transmit information from the thalamus to cerebral cortex
  • Synapses with second-order neuron
25
Q

What is the function of first-order neurons in motor tracts?

A
  • Conduct impulses from cortex to spinal cord or brain stem
26
Q

What is the function of second-order neurons in motor tracts?

A
  • Interneuron
  • Synapses with first-order neuron
  • Decussation
27
Q

What is the function of third-order neurons in motor tracts?

A
  • Exit spinal nerve to supply muscle
  • Cell bodies in ventral horn of the spinal cord
28
Q

The corticospinal tract arises from _______

A

Long axons of pyramidal cells in the precentral gyrus

29
Q

Where does decussation occur in the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Rostral medulla

30
Q

Where does decussation occur in the rubrospinal tract?

A

Midbrain

(ventral tegmental decussation)

31
Q

What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Controls distal limb

E.g. fingers for skill movement

32
Q

What is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Control posture and axial & proximal muscles for walking

33
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Processing afferent signals from the semicircular canal system of the inner ear

34
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Indirectly carries regulatory signals from the cerebrum and cerebellum to inhibit extensor and promote flexor muscle activity

35
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Provides regulatory impulses to the spinal reflex centers and voluntary movement

36
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Responsible for responding to visual stimuli

e.g. jumping away from an object that unexpectedly moves or is perceived as hazardous at the time

37
Q

What are the three major sensory tracts?

A
  1. Posterior column tract
  2. Spinothalamic tract
  3. Spinocerebellar tract
38
Q

What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

Carries pain and thermal stimuli

39
Q

What is the function of the ventral spinothalamic tract?

A

Pressure and crude touch sesnations

40
Q

What is the function of the dorsal column?

A
  1. Vibration sensation
  2. Proprioception
  3. Two-point discrimination
41
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts (anterior and posterior) and cuneocerebellar tract?

A

Conduct unconscious stimuli for proprioception in joints and muscles

42
Q

What is the function of the spinotectal tract?

A

Accessory pathway for tactile, painful, and thermal stimuli to reach the midbrain

43
Q

What is the function of the spinoreticular tract?

A

Integrates stimuli from muscles and joints into the reticular formation

44
Q

What is the function of the spino-olivary tract?

A

Accessory pathway that carries additional information to the cerebellum

45
Q

Voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle requires an interaction between a ______ and ______.

A
  • Upper motor neuron (UMN)
  • Lower motor neuron (LMN)
46
Q

Where are lower motor neuron cell bodies located?

A

Ventral horn

47
Q

In the ventral horn, motor neurons controlling flexors lie ____ to extensors

A

dorsal

48
Q

In the ventral horn, motor neurons controlling axial muscles lie ____ to those controlling distal muscles

A

Medial

49
Q

A motor neuron pool refers to what?

A

ALl the motor neurons that innervate a single muscle

50
Q

What is the ratio of muscle fibers to motor neurons in the eye muscles?

A

1:1

51
Q

What is the ratio of muscle fibers to motor neurons in the hamstrings?

A

300:1

52
Q

Proprioceptive neurons respond to ____

A

Angle, direction, and velocity movement in a joint

53
Q

What is the difference between extrafusal and intrafusal fibers?

A

Extrafusal: innervated by alpha and beta motor neurons

Intrafusal: innervated by gamma and beta motor neurons

54
Q

What is a myotatic reflex?

A

Stretch reflex: when a muscle is pulled it has a tendency to pull back

E.g. knee-jerk reflex

55
Q

True or false. Human brains are fully myelinated at birth.

A

False. This is true for most other animals. Human brains are not fully myelinated until 15 months

56
Q

What are signs of upper motor neuron lesions?

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Increased reflexive response
  3. Increased tone
57
Q

What are signs of lower motor neuron lesions?

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Atrophy
  3. Fasciculations (twitching)
  4. Decreased reflexes
  5. Decreased tone

Essential Neuroscience (10 decks)

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