Spinal Cord, Brain Control of Movement, and Motor Disorders Flashcards
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by _______, which in turn _______
- the loss of myelin (oligodendrocytes) in the nervous system
- slows the conduction of action potentials
Where do MS plaques tend to form? (3)
Axons that course near the surface of the lateral ventricles, in the floor of the 4th ventricle, or near the pial surfaces of the brainstem or spinal cord
Which cranial nerve(s) is affected by MS?
CNII: Optic nerve
In patients with MS, CSF contains elevated _____ and _____
- Gamma globulin
- T-lymphocytes
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is caused by?
Acute inflammatory reaction of myelin formed by Schwann cells in the PNS, typically following a respiratory or gastrointestinal illness
In GBS, ____ axons are always affected and _____ axons are rarely or never affected.
- Motor always affected
- Sensory never affected
How many subtypes of GBS are there?
- Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
- Miller Fisher syndrome
- Acute motor axonal neuropathy
- Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy
- Acute panautonomic neuropathy
- Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis
***For exam, don’t need to know names, just know there are 6***
Label the following aspects of the basal ganglia:
Internal capsule, Subthalamic nucleus, Caudate nucleus tale and body, Putamen, Thalamus, Substantia nigra, Globus palidus internal and external segments, Red nucleus, Cerebral peduncle
List the cranial nerves and functions.
***Pneumonic included on other side :)
Names:
- Oh - Olfactory
- Oh - Optic
- Oh - Oculomotor
- To - Trochlear
- Touch - Trigeminal
- And - Abducens
- Feel - Facial
- Very - Vestibulocochlear
- Good - Glossopharyngeal
- Vagina - Vagus
- Ah - Accessory
- Heaven - Hypoglossal
Functions:
- Some - Sensory
- Say - Sensory
- Marry - Motor
- Money - Motor
- But - Both
- My - Motor
- Brother - Both
- Says - Sensory
- Big - Both
- Boobs - Both
- Matter - Motor
- Most - Motor
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
A typical spinal nerve contains 3 kinds of nerve fibers:
- Pseudounipolar sensory neurons
- Somatic pultipolar motor neurons
- Autonomic multipolar motor neruson
The cervical enlargement contains neurons that innervate ______
Upper limbs
The lumbar enlargement contains neurons that innervate _____
lower limbs
What is the conus medullaris?
The tapering end of the spinal cord that gives rise to the cauda equina
The conus medullaris is located at _____ in adults and _____ in children
Adults: L1
Children: L2
In the spinal cord the dorsal horn is primarily composed of ____ neurons and the ventral horn is composed of _____ neurons
Dorsal horn: sensory
Ventral horn: motor
As a general rule, spino- refers to a _____ tract and spinal- refers to a _____ tract.
Spino- = sensory
Spinal- = motor
What is the function of the pyramidal system?
Non-postural precise movements of small muscles involved in skilful activity
Voluntary control
True or false. The pyramidal system is only present in mammals and achieving its greatest development in man.
True
What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?
Gross postural (stereotyped) movements involving large groups of muscles
What would be the result of a lesion to the extrapyramidal system?
Increased muscle tone (spasticity)
What is the function of first-order neurons in sensory tracts
- Deliver sensation to the CNS from
- Cell bodies in dorsal or cranial root ganglion
What is the function of second-order neurons in sensory tracts?
- Interneuron that synapses with 1st order neuron
- Cell body in spinal cord or brain
- Decussation
What is the function of third-order neurons in sensory tracts?
- Transmit information from the thalamus to cerebral cortex
- Synapses with second-order neuron
