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Essential Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia & Limbic System > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia & Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

The limbic system was first described by ______ in 1874 based on the physical location of the lobe in the brain

A

Paul Broca

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2
Q

The limbic system is sandwiched between what two functionally different components?

A
  1. Diencephalon
  2. Lateral neocortex of the telencephalic hemispheres
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3
Q

The limbic lobe consists of a ring of cortex outside the corpus callosum made up of _____. (3)

A
  1. Subcallosal gyrus
  2. Cingulate gyrus
  3. Parahippocampal gyrus
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4
Q

Label the following:

Cingulate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, Subcallosal gyrus

A
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5
Q

In 1937 _____ published his proposed “circuit of emotion.”

A

James Papez

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6
Q

What brain structures did Papez propose were involved in the limbic system? (4)

A
  1. Cingulate cortex
  2. Anterior Thalamus
  3. Mammillary bodies
  4. Hippocampus
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7
Q

Explain Papez’s theory of emotion

A
  1. Believed the experience of emotion was determined by activity in the cingulate cortex
  2. Believed emotional expression was thought to be governed by the hypothalamus
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8
Q

In 1913, ______ proposed the triune brain theory and coined the term “Limbic system”

A

Paul D. MacLean

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9
Q

What does the triune theory state?

A

The human brain is 3 brains in one:

  1. Reptilian complex
  2. Limbic system
  3. Neocortex
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10
Q

What are the components of the reptilian complex according to the triune theory?

A

Brain step & cerebellum

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11
Q

What is the function of the reptilian complex according to the triune theory?

A

Pavlovian

Fight or flight

Autopilot

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12
Q

There is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that should be included in the limbic system. What structures do ALL authors include?

A

Limbic cortex

Hippocampal formation

Amygdala

Septal area

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13
Q

There is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that should be included in the limbic system. What structures do MOST authors include?

A

Hypothalamus

Part of the midbrain reticular formation

Olfactory areas

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14
Q

There is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that should be included in the limbic system. What structures do only SOME authors include?

A

Thalamic and neocortical regions

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15
Q

Label the following limbic structures:

Anterior commissure, Fornix, Midbrain, Cingulate gyrus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus, Corpus callosum, Septal region, Hippocampal formation, Diencephalon, Mammillary nucleus

A
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16
Q

What is the role of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Emotion

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17
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Learning and memory

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18
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Aggression and fear (fight or flight)

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19
Q

What are the components of the rostral limbic system? What is its role?

A

Role: emotion

  1. Amygdala
  2. Septum
  3. Orbitofrontal cortex
  4. Anterior insula
  5. Anterior cingulate
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20
Q

What are the components of the caudal limbic system? What is its role?

A

Role: Memory and visual-spatial functions

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Posterior parahippocampal cortex
  3. Posterior cingulate
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21
Q

What are the components of the limbic lobe?

A
  1. Parahippocampal gyrus
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Orbitofrontal cortex
  4. Cingulate gyrus
  5. Insula
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22
Q

What nuclei are associated with the limbic system?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Septal nuclei
  3. Mammillary body
  4. Anterior thalamus
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23
Q

What connections are associated with the limbic system?

A
  1. Fornix
  2. Median forebrain bundle
  3. Stria terminalis
  4. Mamillothalamic tract
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24
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Hunger
  2. Thirst
  3. Body temperature
  4. Pleasure
  5. Regulation of pituitary
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25
Q

Describe the functional circuit between the hippocampal formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus.

A
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26
Q

Describe the functional circuit between the amygdala, hypothalamus, prefrontal and temporal cortices

A
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27
Q

What part of the limbic system is associated with olfactory memories?

A

Entorhinal cortex

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28
Q

Describe the olfaction circuit of the limbic system

A
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29
Q

What is the function of the amygdala in regard to appetite and eating behaviors?

A

Food choice and emotional modulation of food intake

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30
Q

What is the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus in regard to appetite and eating behaviors?

A

Center for control of feeding

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31
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial nucleus in regard to appetite and eating behaviors?

A

Satiety center

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32
Q

Fear responses are produced by the stimulation of the _____ and ______

A

Hypothalamus and amygdala

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33
Q

What is the consequence of the destruction of the amygdala?

A

Abolishes fear and its autonomic endocrine responses

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34
Q

Imaging studies have shown that viewing fearful faces activates the ______

A

Left amygdala

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35
Q

Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and septal nuclei in animals may _______

A

induce rage

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36
Q

Bilateral destruction of the amygdala results in _____

A

Placidity

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37
Q

When the ventromedial nucleus is destroyed AFTER the destruction of the amygdala, _____ is converted to _____

A

Placidity converted to rage

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38
Q

The fear and rage responses mediated by the limbic system cause stimulation of the _____, especially lateral areas and produce sympathetic discharge

A

Hypothalamus

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39
Q

The massive sympathetic discharge during stress is called the ______

A

Fight or flight response

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40
Q

Stress via cortical and limbic connections causes the release of ______ from the periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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41
Q

What brain structures are involved in the consolidation and retrieval of emotional memories?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Prefrontal cortex
  3. Medial temporal lobe
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42
Q

What brain structures are involved in the acquisition, extinction, and recovery of fears to cues and contexts?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Prefrontal cortex
  3. Hippocampus
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43
Q

_____ is critical for long-term, declarative memory storage

A

Hippocampus

44
Q

The medial temporal lobe memory system is involved in _______

A

storage of new memories

45
Q

What are the components of the medial temporal lobe memory system?

A
  1. Hippocampus and adjacent cortex
  2. Parahippocampal regions
  3. Entorhinal and Perirhinal regions
46
Q

What is the function of the diencephalic memory system?

A

Storage of recent memories

47
Q

What are the components of the diencephalic memory system?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Mammillary body
  3. Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
48
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome? Cause?

A

Dysfunction in the circuitry of the diencephalic memory system

Caused by deficiency of thiamine and vitamin B1

49
Q

What is social cognition?

A

The thought processes involved in understanding and dealing with other people

50
Q

What limbic structures are involved in social cognition?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Amygdala
51
Q

_______ lived a fairly unremarkable life until August 1, 1966, when he murdered 16 people including his wife and mother. His autopsy revealed a brain tumor on his amygdala

A

Charles Whitman

52
Q

____ was 25 years old when a tamping iron destroyed much of his brain’s left frontal lobe. After the accident his personality changed to extravagant, anti-social, liar, and grossly profane. He died 12 years later.

A

Phineas Gage

53
Q

Describe Kluver-Bucy Syndrome in animals

A

Removal of the amygdala in animals

Pre-op: aggressive, raging

Post-op: docile, orally fixated, increased sexual and compulsive behaviors

54
Q

Describe Kluver-Bucy syndrome in humans

A

Severe temporal lobe damage resulting in:

  • Visual agnosia
  • Apathy/placidity
  • Hyperorality
  • Hypersexuality
  • Dementia, aphasia, amnesia
55
Q

Destruction of cingulate and subcallosal gyri in animals results in?

A

Vicious and violent behavior

56
Q

How many different nuclei does the amygdala have?

A

12

57
Q

The basolateral amygdala nuclei receive higher-order sensory information from association areas in ________. (3)

A
  1. Frontal cortex
  2. Temporal cortex
  3. Insular cortex
58
Q

The corticomedial nucleus is interconnected with the _____

A

Olfactory bulb

59
Q

The hypothalamus receives visceral input (including taste) through _____ (2)

A
  1. Spinal cord
  2. Brainstem (tractus solitarius)
60
Q

The most sensitive area in the brain for ischemic events is __________.

A

Hippocampal zone CA1

61
Q

The hippocampal formation is composed of what two interlocking cell fields?

A
  1. Dentate Gyrus
  2. Hippocampus proper
62
Q

The dentate gyrus lies between what two structures?

A

Fimbria of:

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Parahippocampal gyrus
63
Q

Which of the three layers of the dentate gyrus is the most prominent?

Molecular

Granular

Polymorphic

A

Granular

64
Q

What is the function of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus?

A

Principal excitatory neurons

65
Q

What is a consequence of seizures originating from the temporal lobe that travels to the hippocampus?

A

Damages hippocampus and causes it to shrink

66
Q

The hippocampus is divided into the what zones of pyramidal cells?

A

CA1 - CA4

67
Q

The reticular formation controls? (3)

A
  1. Sleep-wake rhythm
  2. Arousal
  3. Attention
68
Q

How many cell groups are present in the reticular formation?

A

100+

69
Q

What are the afferent projections of the reticular formation? (6)

A
  1. All sensory pathways (general or special)
  2. Cerebral cortex
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
  5. Vestibular nuclei/visual pathway
  6. Thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus
70
Q

What are the efferent projections of the reticular formation?

A
  1. Reticulobular and reticulospinal tracts
  2. Descending pathway to the SNS, PNS, and ANS
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
  5. Thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus
71
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation? (6)

A
  1. Control of skeletal muscles
  2. Control of somatic and visceral sensation
  3. Control of ANS
  4. Influence the biological clock
  5. Reticular activating system
  6. Control of endocrine nervous system
72
Q

Damage to the reticular formation causes _______

A

Persistent unconsciousness or coma

73
Q

PET and fMRI have shown that the limbic system is one of the most active brain areas during ______

A

Dreaming

74
Q

What structure is the “circadian rhythm generator” controlling the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

75
Q

VLPO = ?

A

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

76
Q

TMN = ?

A

(histaminergic) tuberomammillary nucleus (TNM(

77
Q

VLPO via its inhibition of the major arousal mechanisms functions as a _____.

A

Sleep switch

78
Q

VLPO by its disinhibition of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT-LDT) promotes ______

A

REM sleep

79
Q

The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contains ______ neurons that promote wakefulness

A

Orexinergic neurons

80
Q

The orexinergic neurons _____ the sleep-promoting neurons in the VLPO and the REM sleep-promoting neurons in the PPT-LDT

A

Inhibit

81
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

A disorder due to a malfunction of the sleep/wake cycle regulating system in the brain, caused by the lack of an important chemical in the part of the brain responsible for sleep.

82
Q

What are some characteristics of narcolepsy?

A
  1. Daytime sleepiness
  2. Cataplexy (loss of muscle tone while awake)
  3. Sleep paralysis
  4. Instantaneous REM sleep
  5. Hypnagogic hallucinations
83
Q

Neocortex activation during REM sleep is _______

A

similar to the waking state

84
Q

REM sleep makes up ___% of sleep duration

A

20%

85
Q

In the canine model for narcolepsy, axonal degeneration is found in ____ (4).

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Basal forebrain
  3. Entopenuclar nucleus
  4. Medial septal region
86
Q

Mutations in what genes cause narcolepsy in the canine model?

A
  1. Orexin peptide gene
  2. Hypocretin receptor 2 gen (HCTR2)
87
Q

Stimulation of HCTR2 results in ____ (2)

A
  1. Wakefulness
  2. Depressed REM sleep
88
Q

How do amphetamines help with narcolepsy?

A

Help with daytime sleepiness

89
Q

How do antidepressants help symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

Help with suppressing REM, cataplexy, paralysis, and hallucinations

90
Q

How does hypocretin help symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

Cures dogs of cataplexy

91
Q

Dementia is marked as atrophy in the _____ and ______

A

Dentate gyrus and hippocampus

92
Q

In Alzheimer’s diease, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are dispersed throughout the _____ and _____.

A

Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

93
Q

What anatomical changes in the brain occur in patients with schizophrenia?

A
  1. Reduced limbic volumes
  2. Distortion of cortical neurons
  3. Decreased size of hippocampus
  4. Reduced number of GABAergic neurons in the cingulate and anterior thalamus (leads to glutamatergic excitotoxicity)
94
Q

Studiues have shown variation in the volumes of the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus in those with _____.

A

Affective disorders

95
Q

Patients with ADHD tend to have an enlarged _____ as a compensatory response to the presence of disturbances in the perception of time, temporal processing, and stimulus-seeking.

A

Hippocampus

96
Q

What brain structures are damaged in Korsakoff’s psychosis?

A
  1. Mammillary bodies
  2. Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
97
Q

True or false. Immediate recall is usually impaired in Korsakoff’s psychosis

A

False. It’s preserved

98
Q

What is the most common form of epilepsy in adults? What is it caused by?

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Caused by hippocampal sclerosis (loss of pyramidal neurons)

99
Q

Label the following structures:

Nucleus accumbens, Red nucleus, Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Amygdaloid complex, Substantia nigra

A
100
Q

What are the two components of the striatum?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
101
Q

The basal nuclei of the basal ganglia are responsible for the control of _____

A

Movement

102
Q

True or false. The thalamus is not part of the basal ganglia, but it is associated with it

A

True

103
Q

The direct pathway of the basal ganglia _____ movement

A

Facilitates

104
Q

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia _____ movement.

A

Inhibits

105
Q

What neurotransmitter modulates movement pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

Dopamine

106
Q

Is Parkinson’s disease a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder?

A

Hypokinetic

107
Q

What is the primary pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of nigrostriatal dopamine projections

Essential Neuroscience (10 decks)

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