Basal Ganglia & Limbic System Flashcards
1
Q
The limbic system was first described by ______ in 1874 based on the physical location of the lobe in the brain
A
Paul Broca
2
Q
The limbic system is sandwiched between what two functionally different components?
A
- Diencephalon
- Lateral neocortex of the telencephalic hemispheres
3
Q
The limbic lobe consists of a ring of cortex outside the corpus callosum made up of _____. (3)
A
- Subcallosal gyrus
- Cingulate gyrus
- Parahippocampal gyrus
4
Q
Label the following:
Cingulate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, Subcallosal gyrus
A
5
Q
In 1937 _____ published his proposed “circuit of emotion.”
A
James Papez
6
Q
What brain structures did Papez propose were involved in the limbic system? (4)
A
- Cingulate cortex
- Anterior Thalamus
- Mammillary bodies
- Hippocampus
7
Q
Explain Papez’s theory of emotion
A
- Believed the experience of emotion was determined by activity in the cingulate cortex
- Believed emotional expression was thought to be governed by the hypothalamus
8
Q
In 1913, ______ proposed the triune brain theory and coined the term “Limbic system”
A
Paul D. MacLean
9
Q
What does the triune theory state?
A
The human brain is 3 brains in one:
- Reptilian complex
- Limbic system
- Neocortex
10
Q
What are the components of the reptilian complex according to the triune theory?
A
Brain step & cerebellum
11
Q
What is the function of the reptilian complex according to the triune theory?
A
Pavlovian
Fight or flight
Autopilot
12
Q
There is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that should be included in the limbic system. What structures do ALL authors include?
A
Limbic cortex
Hippocampal formation
Amygdala
Septal area
13
Q
There is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that should be included in the limbic system. What structures do MOST authors include?
A
Hypothalamus
Part of the midbrain reticular formation
Olfactory areas
14
Q
There is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that should be included in the limbic system. What structures do only SOME authors include?
A
Thalamic and neocortical regions
15
Q
Label the following limbic structures:
Anterior commissure, Fornix, Midbrain, Cingulate gyrus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus, Corpus callosum, Septal region, Hippocampal formation, Diencephalon, Mammillary nucleus
A
16
Q
What is the role of the cingulate gyrus?
A
Emotion
17
Q
What is the role of the hippocampus?
A
Learning and memory
18
Q
What is the role of the amygdala?
A
Aggression and fear (fight or flight)
19
Q
What are the components of the rostral limbic system? What is its role?
A
Role: emotion
- Amygdala
- Septum
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Anterior insula
- Anterior cingulate
20
Q
What are the components of the caudal limbic system? What is its role?
A
Role: Memory and visual-spatial functions
- Hippocampus
- Posterior parahippocampal cortex
- Posterior cingulate
21
Q
What are the components of the limbic lobe?
A
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Cingulate gyrus
- Insula
22
Q
What nuclei are associated with the limbic system?
A
- Amygdala
- Septal nuclei
- Mammillary body
- Anterior thalamus
23
Q
What connections are associated with the limbic system?
A
- Fornix
- Median forebrain bundle
- Stria terminalis
- Mamillothalamic tract
24
Q
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
A
- Hunger
- Thirst
- Body temperature
- Pleasure
- Regulation of pituitary
25
Describe the functional circuit between the hippocampal formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus.
26
Describe the functional circuit between the amygdala, hypothalamus, prefrontal and temporal cortices
27
What part of the limbic system is associated with olfactory memories?
Entorhinal cortex
28
Describe the olfaction circuit of the limbic system
29
What is the function of the amygdala in regard to appetite and eating behaviors?
Food choice and emotional modulation of food intake
30
What is the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus in regard to appetite and eating behaviors?
Center for control of feeding
31
What is the function of the ventromedial nucleus in regard to appetite and eating behaviors?
Satiety center
32
Fear responses are produced by the stimulation of the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hypothalamus and amygdala
33
What is the consequence of the destruction of the amygdala?
Abolishes fear and its autonomic endocrine responses
34
Imaging studies have shown that viewing fearful faces activates the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Left amygdala
35
Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and septal nuclei in animals may \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
induce rage
36
Bilateral destruction of the amygdala results in \_\_\_\_\_
Placidity
37
When the ventromedial nucleus is destroyed AFTER the destruction of the amygdala, _____ is converted to \_\_\_\_\_
Placidity converted to rage
38
The fear and rage responses mediated by the limbic system cause stimulation of the \_\_\_\_\_, especially lateral areas and produce sympathetic discharge
Hypothalamus
39
The massive sympathetic discharge during stress is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Fight or flight response
40
Stress via cortical and limbic connections causes the release of ______ from the periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
41
What brain structures are involved in the consolidation and retrieval of emotional memories?
1. Amygdala
2. Prefrontal cortex
3. Medial temporal lobe
42
What brain structures are involved in the acquisition, extinction, and recovery of fears to cues and contexts?
1. Amygdala
2. Prefrontal cortex
3. Hippocampus
43
\_\_\_\_\_ is critical for long-term, declarative memory storage
Hippocampus
44
The medial temporal lobe memory system is involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
storage of new memories
45
What are the components of the medial temporal lobe memory system?
1. Hippocampus and adjacent cortex
2. Parahippocampal regions
3. Entorhinal and Perirhinal regions
46
What is the function of the diencephalic memory system?
Storage of recent memories
47
What are the components of the diencephalic memory system?
1. Hypothalamus
2. Mammillary body
3. Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
48
What is Korsakoff's syndrome? Cause?
Dysfunction in the circuitry of the diencephalic memory system
Caused by deficiency of thiamine and vitamin B1
49
What is social cognition?
The thought processes involved in understanding and dealing with other people
50
What limbic structures are involved in social cognition?
1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Amygdala
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lived a fairly unremarkable life until August 1, 1966, when he murdered 16 people including his wife and mother. His autopsy revealed a brain tumor on his amygdala
Charles Whitman
52
\_\_\_\_ was 25 years old when a tamping iron destroyed much of his brain's left frontal lobe. After the accident his personality changed to extravagant, anti-social, liar, and grossly profane. He died 12 years later.
Phineas Gage
53
Describe Kluver-Bucy Syndrome in animals
Removal of the amygdala in animals
Pre-op: aggressive, raging
Post-op: docile, orally fixated, increased sexual and compulsive behaviors
54
Describe Kluver-Bucy syndrome in humans
Severe temporal lobe damage resulting in:
* Visual agnosia
* Apathy/placidity
* Hyperorality
* Hypersexuality
* Dementia, aphasia, amnesia
55
Destruction of cingulate and subcallosal gyri in animals results in?
Vicious and violent behavior
56
How many different nuclei does the amygdala have?
12
57
The basolateral amygdala nuclei receive higher-order sensory information from association areas in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (3)
1. Frontal cortex
2. Temporal cortex
3. Insular cortex
58
The corticomedial nucleus is interconnected with the \_\_\_\_\_
Olfactory bulb
59
The hypothalamus receives visceral input (including taste) through _____ (2)
1. Spinal cord
2. Brainstem (tractus solitarius)
60
The most sensitive area in the brain for ischemic events is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hippocampal zone CA1
61
The hippocampal formation is composed of what two interlocking cell fields?
1. Dentate Gyrus
2. Hippocampus proper
62
The dentate gyrus lies between what two structures?
Fimbria of:
1. Hippocampus
2. Parahippocampal gyrus
63
Which of the three layers of the dentate gyrus is the most prominent?
Molecular
Granular
Polymorphic
Granular
64
What is the function of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus?
Principal excitatory neurons
65
What is a consequence of seizures originating from the temporal lobe that travels to the hippocampus?
Damages hippocampus and causes it to shrink
66
The hippocampus is divided into the what zones of pyramidal cells?
CA1 - CA4
67
The reticular formation controls? (3)
1. Sleep-wake rhythm
2. Arousal
3. Attention
68
How many cell groups are present in the reticular formation?
100+
69
What are the afferent projections of the reticular formation? (6)
1. All sensory pathways (general or special)
2. Cerebral cortex
3. Cerebellum
4. Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
5. Vestibular nuclei/visual pathway
6. Thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus
70
What are the efferent projections of the reticular formation?
1. Reticulobular and reticulospinal tracts
2. Descending pathway to the SNS, PNS, and ANS
3. Cerebellum
4. Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
5. Thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus
71
What are the functions of the reticular formation? (6)
1. Control of skeletal muscles
2. Control of somatic and visceral sensation
3. Control of ANS
4. Influence the biological clock
5. Reticular activating system
6. Control of endocrine nervous system
72
Damage to the reticular formation causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Persistent unconsciousness or coma
73
PET and fMRI have shown that the limbic system is one of the most active brain areas during \_\_\_\_\_\_
Dreaming
74
What structure is the “circadian rhythm generator” controlling the sleep-wake cycle?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
75
VLPO = ?
ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
76
TMN = ?
(histaminergic) tuberomammillary nucleus (TNM(
77
VLPO via its inhibition of the major arousal mechanisms functions as a \_\_\_\_\_.
Sleep switch
78
VLPO by its disinhibition of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT-LDT) promotes \_\_\_\_\_\_
REM sleep
79
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contains ______ neurons that promote wakefulness
Orexinergic neurons
80
The orexinergic neurons _____ the sleep-promoting neurons in the VLPO and the REM sleep-promoting neurons in the PPT-LDT
Inhibit
81
What is narcolepsy?
A disorder due to a malfunction of the sleep/wake cycle regulating system in the brain, caused by the lack of an important chemical in the part of the brain responsible for sleep.
82
What are some characteristics of narcolepsy?
1. Daytime sleepiness
2. Cataplexy (loss of muscle tone while awake)
3. Sleep paralysis
4. Instantaneous REM sleep
5. Hypnagogic hallucinations
83
Neocortex activation during REM sleep is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
similar to the waking state
84
REM sleep makes up \_\_\_% of sleep duration
20%
85
In the canine model for narcolepsy, axonal degeneration is found in ____ (4).
1. Amygdala
2. Basal forebrain
3. Entopenuclar nucleus
4. Medial septal region
86
Mutations in what genes cause narcolepsy in the canine model?
1. Orexin peptide gene
2. Hypocretin receptor 2 gen (HCTR2)
87
Stimulation of HCTR2 results in ____ (2)
1. Wakefulness
2. Depressed REM sleep
88
How do amphetamines help with narcolepsy?
Help with daytime sleepiness
89
How do antidepressants help symptoms of narcolepsy?
Help with suppressing REM, cataplexy, paralysis, and hallucinations
90
How does hypocretin help symptoms of narcolepsy?
Cures dogs of cataplexy
91
Dementia is marked as atrophy in the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Dentate gyrus and hippocampus
92
In Alzheimer's diease, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are dispersed throughout the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
93
What anatomical changes in the brain occur in patients with schizophrenia?
1. Reduced limbic volumes
2. Distortion of cortical neurons
3. Decreased size of hippocampus
4. Reduced number of GABAergic neurons in the cingulate and anterior thalamus (leads to glutamatergic excitotoxicity)
94
Studiues have shown variation in the volumes of the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus in those with \_\_\_\_\_.
Affective disorders
95
Patients with ADHD tend to have an enlarged _____ as a compensatory response to the presence of disturbances in the perception of time, temporal processing, and stimulus-seeking.
Hippocampus
96
What brain structures are damaged in Korsakoff's psychosis?
1. Mammillary bodies
2. Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
97
True or false. Immediate recall is usually impaired in Korsakoff's psychosis
False. It's preserved
98
What is the most common form of epilepsy in adults? What is it caused by?
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Caused by hippocampal sclerosis (loss of pyramidal neurons)
99
Label the following structures:
Nucleus accumbens, Red nucleus, Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Amygdaloid complex, Substantia nigra
100
What are the two components of the striatum?
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
101
The basal nuclei of the basal ganglia are responsible for the control of \_\_\_\_\_
Movement
102
True or false. The thalamus is not part of the basal ganglia, but it is associated with it
True
103
The direct pathway of the basal ganglia _____ movement
Facilitates
104
The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia _____ movement.
Inhibits
105
What neurotransmitter modulates movement pathways in the basal ganglia?
Dopamine
106
Is Parkinson's disease a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder?
Hypokinetic
107
What is the primary pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease?
Loss of nigrostriatal dopamine projections
