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Essential Neuroscience > Molecular Mechanisms of Learning, Memory, Addiction, & Fear > Flashcards

Molecular Mechanisms of Learning, Memory, Addiction, & Fear Flashcards

1
Q

______ (1949) differentiated between two types of memory: short term and long term

A

Donald Hebb

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2
Q

What is episodic memory and where is it stored?

A

Remembering specific events

stored in the cortex

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3
Q

What is semantic memory and where is it stored?

A

General knowledge

Stored in cortex

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4
Q

Where is “skill-learning” memory stored?

A
  1. Basal ganglia
  2. Motor cortex
  3. Cerebellum
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5
Q

Being more likely to use a word you heard recently is an example of _____. It is stored in _____.

A

Priming

Stored in cortex

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6
Q

Salivating when you see a favorite food is an example of ______. It is stored in _____.

A

Conditioning

Stored in the cerebellum

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7
Q

What types of memory are declarative? Are they hippocampus depending or independent?

A
  1. Episodic
  2. Semantic

Hippocampus-dependent

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8
Q

What types of memory are nondeclarative? Are they hippocampus-dependent or independent?

A
  1. Skill learning
  2. Priming
  3. Conditioning

Hippocampus-independent

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9
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde: amnesia of events that occur after brain trauma

Retrograde: amnesia for events that occur just prior to brain trauma

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10
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus

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11
Q

What is instrumental (operant) conditioning?

A

A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior.

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12
Q

Aplysia californica is capable of ______ and _____. It is often used as a model for learning.

A

Associative learning and nonassociative learning

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13
Q

Describe the gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia

A

Tactile or electrical stimulation of the siphon or mantle elicits withdrawal of the gill and siphon into the mantle cavity

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14
Q

Where does habituation occur?

A

At the synapse between sensory & motor neurons

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15
Q

What is the mechanism by which habituation occurs?

A
  1. Less calcium enter presynaptic terminal
  2. Fewer transmitter molecules are released
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16
Q

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

Long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron caused by repeated high-frequency activity of input

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17
Q

What is associative long-term potentiation?

A

LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones

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18
Q

The entorhinal cortex connects to the hippocampus via axons of the ______

A

Perforant path

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19
Q

_____ from the dentate gyrus synapses on CA3 of the hippocampus

A

Mossy fibers

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20
Q

CA3 cells synapse via _______ on cells in the CA1 region

A

Schaffer collateral

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21
Q

Both CA1 and CA1 cells have output fibers to the _____.

A

Fornix

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22
Q

LTP occurs in _____ when multiple synapses are active at the same time

A

CA1

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23
Q

Long term depression (LTD) occurs in CA1 when it is ______

A

Weakly depolarized by other inputs

24
Q

Functional imaging studies have shown that the ______ becomes active when a person is remembering or performing a navigational task.

A

Right hippocampal formation

25
Q

What is a place cell?

A

A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation

26
Q

What is the function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

Promote brain cell survival

(not proliferation, as neurons don’t divide)

27
Q

What is working memory?

A

Temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it for a period of time

28
Q

What are the three major components of working memory?

A
  1. Phonological loop: stores auditory input
  2. Visuospatial sketchpad: stores visual input
  3. Central executive: directs attention and determines which items to store
29
Q

Patient HM is a famous case in neuropsychology who had his hippocampus removed to prevent epileptic seizures. Afterwards, HM had great difficulty ______

A

Forming new long-term memories

30
Q

Patient HM is a famous case in neuropsychology who had his hippocampus removed to prevent epileptic seizures. Afterwards, HM’s ______ remained in tact

A

Short-term memory and working memory

31
Q

Explain the Digit Span + 1 test

A

Subject asked to repeat 5 digits that were read to them, then those 5 + a new digit, etc.

32
Q

Explain the Block-Tapping Memory-Span test

A

Subject asked to tap a series of blocks on a table in the same order the experimenter did

33
Q

Explain the Mirror-Drawing test.

A

Subject asked to trace a star shape while looking at their hand in the mirror, which is repeated over several days

34
Q

Explain the Rotary-Pursuit test.

A

Subject tries to maintain contact between a stylus and a target on a rotating disk

35
Q

Explain the Incomplete-Pictures test

A

Patient must identify the objection in a drawing, with it drawn to different levels of completeness

36
Q

Explain the Eye-Blink task

A

Tone plays before a puff of air in the eye; eventually the tone along causes a blink (Pavlovian conditioning)

37
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  1. Explicit memory
  2. Implicit memory
38
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit: things you consciously remember

Implicit: Memories formed without conscious awareness (skills, tasks, etc.)

39
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A
  • A memory disorder common in chronic alcoholics
  • Brain damage results from thiamine deficiency
40
Q

Describe the amnesia associated with Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  • Early stage, anterograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories
  • Similar to that of medial temporal lobe amnesia
41
Q

Describe the late stage of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  • Sensory and motor problems
  • Extreme confusion
  • Personality changes
  • Potential organ failure
42
Q

Describe the amnesia associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Major anterograde and retrograde deficits in explicit memory

43
Q

What is believed to be the cause of amnesia in Alzheimer’s?

A

Acetylcholine depletion

44
Q

The _____ runs through the lateral hypothalamus; electrical stimulation is reinforcing

A

Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

45
Q

The _____ contains dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical system; plays a role in reinforcement

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

46
Q

The _____ is a nucleus of the forebrain that receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the VTA; involved in reinforcement

A

Nucleus accumbens (NAc)

47
Q

Lesion to the VTA or NAc leads to ______

A

Apathy

48
Q

How does cocaine affect dopamine levels?

A

Cocaine blocks the normal absorption of dopamine, so it accumulates in the synapse

49
Q

How do amphetamines affect dopamine levels?

A

Stimulate excess release of dopamine, overwhelming reuptake and enzyme breakdown

50
Q

How does nicotine (and cigarettes) affect dopamine levels?

A

Nicotine: Stimulates the release of dopamine

Cigarettes: other substances aside from nicotine block action of MAO

51
Q

Describe the physiology of addiction

A
  1. Drug increases dopamine in synapses
  2. Increased feelings of pleasure
  3. Nervous system reduces number of receptors
  4. Addict takes more drug to produce same high
  5. While addicts begin by taking drugs to feel high, they end up taking them in order to not feel low
52
Q

What are the DSM IV TR criteria for drug dependence? How many need to be met to be classified as dependent?

A
  1. Tolerance
  2. Withdrawal
  3. Taken in larger amounts that was intended
  4. Unsuccessful efforts to cut down
  5. Time spent trying to obtain substance
  6. Activities given up because of substance
  7. Continued despite physical or psychological problems

3 must be met within a 12 month period

53
Q

What are the DSM IV TR criteria for drug abuse? How many need to be met to be considered abuse?

A
  1. Role impairment (e.g. failed work or obligations)
  2. Hazardous use (e.g. driving while intoxicated)
  3. Legal problems related to substance use
  4. Social or interpersonal problems due to substance use

1 must be met in 12 months

54
Q

What is the criterion for PTSD?

A

Patient has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following have been present:

  1. The person has experienced, witnessed, or been confronted with an event or events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others
  2. The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror (in children expressed by disorganized or agitated behavior
55
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic PTSD?

A

Acute: <3 months

Chronic: >3 months

56
Q

Does earlier or later onset of PTSD symptoms indicate a better prognosis?

A

Earlier

57
Q

What is a potential side effect of SSRIs in people with PTSD?

A

Can induce anxiety short-term

Essential Neuroscience (10 decks)

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