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Anatomy Exam 4 > Spinal cord & brain > Flashcards

Spinal cord & brain Flashcards

1
Q

What make up the spinal meninges & spaces?

A

From SF to deep:

  • Epidural
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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2
Q

How do you administer an epidural block?

A

Insert needle into epidural space at sacral hiatus or in lumbar region

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3
Q

What forms the dural sac around the spinal cord? Where does it terminate?

A

Dura mater

- Terminates at S2

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4
Q

What spinal space contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid

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5
Q

Describe: lumbar cistern

A
  • Enlargement of subarachnoid in lower lumbar region

- Terminates at S2

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6
Q

Describe denticulate ligaments & their fxn

A
  • Lateral extensions of pia mater
  • Pass through arachnoid & attach to internal surface of dura mater
  • Anchors spinal cord
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7
Q

Describe: cervical enlargement

A
  • Ventral rami give rise to brachial plexus

- (C4 - T1)

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8
Q

Describe: lumbosacral enlargement

A
  • Ventral rami give rise to lumbosacral plexus

- (L1 - S3)

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9
Q

What fraction of the vertebral canal is occupied by the spinal cord?

A

2/3

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10
Q

What is the conus medullaris composed of?

A

Sacral spinal cord segements

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11
Q

Where does the conus medullaris terminate?

A

L1 or L2

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12
Q

Describe a lumbar puncture

A
  • Extracts CSF from subarachnoid
  • Needle inserted into L3-L4 or L4-L5 interlaminar space
  • Use iliac crests (L4) as landmark
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13
Q

Why does the length of the dorsal & ventral roots increase as you move inferiorly?

A

Due to increasing distance btwn spinal cord segments & corresponding vertebrae

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14
Q

What forms the cauda equina?

A

Elongated lumbosacral dorsal & ventral roots

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15
Q

Where is the cauda equina located?

A

Within the lumbar cistern of subarachnoid

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16
Q

How do you perform a subarachnoid block?

A
  • Anesthetic agent is injected into lumbar cistern

- Affects dorsal & ventral roots

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17
Q

Where does the filum terminale extend from & descend to?

A

From tip of conus medullaris to roots of cauda equina

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18
Q

What does the filum terminale consist of?

A

Pia mater & remnants of caudal spinal cord

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19
Q

What does the filum terminale penetrate?

A

The dural sac, taking on layers of arachnoid & dura mater

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20
Q

Why does the filum terminale pass through the sacral hiatus?

A

To attach to the coccyx

- Anchors spinal cord inferiorly

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21
Q

Where are ventral & dorsal roots located?

A

Within vertebral canal

22
Q

Where are dorsal root ganglia located?

A

In intervertebral foramina

23
Q

What are the 2 components of the skull?

A
  • Neurocranium

- Viscerocranium

24
Q

What is the neurocranium composed of?

A
  • Calvaria (roof)

- Basicranium (floor, contains foramina for vessels)

25
Q

Fontanelles

A

Membranous areas that provide flexibility (esp. for childbirth) & allow for subsequent growth of brain

26
Q

Pterion

A

Jxn of frontal, parietal, sphenoid, & temporal bones

27
Q

What is a potential consequence of a pterion fracture?

A

Rupture of the middle meningeal a. –> epidural hematoma (fatal if left un-tx)

28
Q

Fxn of middle meningeal a.

A

Provides blood supply to dura mater

29
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater? What are they innervated by?

A
  • External periosteal layer
  • Internal meningeal layer
  • Innervated by branches of trigeminal & vagus (important in headache & migraine pain)
30
Q

Dura-arachnoid jxn

A

May develop as a result of trauma –> dural border hematoma

31
Q

What are arachnoid granulations involved in?

A

The transfer of CSF to venous system

32
Q

What are the 4 types of dural reflections?

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Tentorium cerebelli
  • Falx cerebelli
  • Diaphragm sellae
33
Q

Where is the falx cerebri located & where does it attach?

A
  • Btwn cerebral hemispheres in sagittal plan
  • Anterior attachment = frontal crest & crest galli
  • Posterior = occipital bone
34
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli located & where does it attach?

A
  • Btwn occipital lobes of cerebrum & cerebellum in transverse plan
  • Anterior attachment = posterior clinoid processes & petrous ridge
  • Posterior = occipital & parietal bones
35
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli located?

A

Btwn cerebellar hemispheres in sagittal plane

36
Q

Where is the diaphragm sellae located & where does it attach?

A
  • Forms roof over pituitary gland, but allows passage of infundibulum & vv.
  • Attaches to clinoid processes
37
Q

Where is the dural venous sinuses located?

A

Btwn periosteal & meningeal layers of dura

38
Q

Fxn of dural venous sinuses

A
  • Receive blood from brain

- Drain blood into IJV

39
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Within superior border of falx cerebri

40
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Within inferior border of falx cerebri

41
Q

What forms the straight sinus & where is it locate?

A
  • Formed by union of great cerebral v. & inferior sagittal sinus
  • Lies at jxn of falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli
42
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

Formed by union of superior sagittal, straight, & occipital sinuses

43
Q

Transverse sinuses

A
  • Pass laterally from confluence of sinuses

- Within posterior border of tentorium cerebelli

44
Q

Sigmoid sinuses

A
  • Continuation of transverse sinuses once they exit tentorium cerebelli
  • Form deep grooves in occipital & temporal bones
  • Continuous w/ IJV at jugular foramen
45
Q

Cavernous sinuses

A

Venous plexuses located on either side of the hypophyseal fossa

46
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain into?

A
  • Superior petrosal sinus posteriorly
  • Inferior petrosal sinus posteriorly
  • Pterygoid plexus inferiorly
47
Q

What structures pass through the cavernous sinuses?

A
  • Internal carotid a.

- Abducent n.

48
Q

What structures are found within the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses?

A
  • Oculomotor n.
  • Trochlear n.
  • Ophthalmic n.
  • Maxillary n.
49
Q

Cavernous sinus syndrome

A
  • Damage to structures passing through cavernous sinus

- Caused by tumors, arterial rupture or infection

50
Q

Vertebral aa (posterior circulation)

A
  • Branches of subclavian
  • Travel superiorly within transverse foramina of C6-C1
  • Enter cranium via foramen magnum
  • Give rise to basilar a –> posterior cerebral aa –> posterior communicating aa
51
Q

Internal carotid aa (anterior circulation)

A
  • Enter carotid canal in temporal bone & pass through cavernous sinus
  • Give rise to ophthalmic a., anterior cerebral a., & middle cerebral a.
52
Q

Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)

A
  • Anastomoses of anterior & posterior circulations

- Internal carotid, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral

Anatomy Exam 4 (4 decks)

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