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Neurology > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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2
Q

What root do ALL sensory axons pass in a spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerve –> Posterior root –> posterior rootlet –> posterior horn of spinal cord

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3
Q

How do all motor axons pass into the spinal nerve?

A

Anterior horn of spinal cord–> anterior rootlet –> anterior root –> spinal nerve

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4
Q

What does a spinal nerve pair supply to a body segment?

A

General sensory to ALL structures
Somatic motor supply to skeletal muscles
Sympathetic supply to skin and smooth muscle

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5
Q

Name for an area of skin supplied by sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve?

A

Dermatome

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6
Q

Define Myotome:

A

Collection of skeletal muscles all supplied by one spinal nerve. Often underlies the dermatome of the nerve but not always.

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7
Q

What fibres are contained in the cervical enlargement?

A

Brachial plexus

from C4-T1

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8
Q

What nerves are contained in the lumbar enlargement?

A

Lumbosacral plexus - responsible for the innervation of the lower limb

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9
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that attaches from the conus medullaris to the dorsal surface of the 1st coccygeal vertebra?

A

The filum terminale

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

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11
Q

The dorsal roots carry afferent/efferent neurons?

A

Afferent

sensory receptors

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12
Q

The ventral roots carry afferent/efferent neurons?

A

Efferent

motor neurons

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13
Q

The dorsal/ventral ramus supplies the muscles and skin of the back region?

A

Dorsal

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14
Q

The dorsal/ventral ramus supplies muscle and skin of the front and limbs?

A

Ventral

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15
Q

Is the dorsal or ventral ramus larger?

A

Ventral

It supplies a larger region

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16
Q

Where is CSF contained?

A

In the subarachnoid space

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17
Q

What separates the dura from the bony wall of the vertebral body?

A

The epidural space

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18
Q

Following its termination at L1/2, what does the spinal cord then become?

A

The cauda equina

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19
Q

What is the name for the small continuous structure of the spinal cord, which follows on from the cerebral ventricular system?

A

The central canal

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20
Q

Is grey or white matter found internally in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

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21
Q

Why do the higher levels of the spinal cord contain more white matter?

A

As the ascending tracts go up they gain more fibres, whereas the opposite is true for descending tracts

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22
Q

What do thoracic and upper lumbar segments possess?

A

Lateral horns

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23
Q

What is contained in the lateral horns?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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24
Q

What is the name given for the 10 divisions of he spinal cord (at each layer)?

A

Rexed’s Laminae

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25
Q

What sensory spinal tract lies near the superficial tip of the dorsal horn?

A

Lissauer’s Tract

aka dorsolateral fasciculus

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26
Q

Define a ganglion:

A

A group of neuron cell bodies living outwith the CNS

known as a nucleus in the CNS

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27
Q

What are the three main blood supplies to the spinal cord?

A
  • 3 major longitudinal arteries
  • Segmental arteries
  • Radicular Arteries
28
Q

Where are the longitudinal arteries found?

A

Run the length of the spinal cord

Originate from the vertebral arteries

29
Q

Where are the segmental arteries found?

A

Derived from the vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries

30
Q

Where are the radicular arteries found

A

Travel along the dorsal and ventral roots

31
Q

What is the main venous drainage of the spinal cord?

A

Similar to the arterial

Longitudinal and segmental veins

32
Q

What sensory tract is responsible for fine touch and proprioception?

A

Dorsal column / medial lemniscus system

33
Q

Where do the fibres cross in the dorsal column / medial lemniscus tract?

A

Medullar

34
Q

Which sensory spinal tract carried pain, temperature and deep pressure?

A

Spinothalamic tract

35
Q

Where do the fibres of the spinothalamic tract cross?

A

Segmentally (i.e. at each level)

36
Q

Where do the fibres of the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Pyramids of the medulla

85%

37
Q

Where do the remaining 15% of fibres in the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

They don’t.

They form the anterior tract instead

38
Q

What tract to the crossed fibres (85%) form?

A

The lateral corticospinal tract

39
Q

What is the corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

Fine precise movement

especially of distal limb muscles e.g. digits

40
Q

A CVA of the ____ ______ can result in lack of descending control of the CST

A

internal capsule

41
Q

Spastic paralysis and hyperflexion of the upper limbs is also referred to as what?

A 
Decorticate posturing 
(caused by a CVA of the internal capsule)
42
Q

What extrapyramidal tract is mainly responsible for mediating the head and neck movement in response to visual stimuli?

A

Tectospinal tract

43
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract mainly input?

A

The cervical spine

44
Q

Which tract has fibres originating from both the pons and the medulla?

A

The reticulospinal tract

45
Q

What formation forms a central core of the brainstem?

A

The reticular formation

46
Q

Fibres originating from the _____ of the reticulospinal tract are responsible for the inhibition of flexor movements and facilitate extensor?

A

Pons

47
Q

Fibres of the reticulospinal tract which originate in the _____ are responsible for the inhibition of extension and facilitate flexion?

A

Medulla

48
Q

What tract is responsible for the excitatory input to ‘anti-gravity’ extensor muscles?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

49
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract receive its input from?

A

Vestibular apparatus

Cerebellum

50
Q

Is the vestibulospinal tract contra or ipsilateral?

A

Ipsilateral

The fibres do not cross at any point

51
Q

What spinal tract is thought to play an important role in decerebrate rigidity and extension paraplegia?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

52
Q

What is decerebrate rigidity and extension paraplegia?

A

Domination of extensor muscle tone and hyperextended spastic paralysis

53
Q

What syndrome will a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord cause?

A

Brown-Sequard’s Syndrome

54
Q

What are the clinical features of Brown-Sequard’s syndrome

A

Ipsilateral paralysis
Ipsilateral hyperreflexia and extensor plantar reflex
Ipsilateral loss of vibratory sense and proprioception
Contralateral loss of pain and deep temperature sense

55
Q

What is an acute viral infection of the neurons which leads to rapid paralysis and wasting of limb and respiratory muscles?

A

Poliomyelitis

56
Q

Is the disability in poliomyelitis bilateral or asymmetrical?

A

Asymmetrical

57
Q

Where does poliomyelitis mainly affect?

A

Legs

58
Q

What reflex is repsonisble for the maintenance of muscle tone and posture?

A

Stretch reflex

59
Q

What neurons are responsible for the regulation of the stretch reflex?

A

Gamma motor neurons

60
Q

What are the two main tracts of the dorsal column tract?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

Fasciculus Gracilis

61
Q

Which tract of the dorsal tract has more influence over the lower limb?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

62
Q

What is Romberg’s sign?

A

High stepping, unsteady gait when eyes are closed

63
Q

What does a positive Romberg’s test mean?

A

Patient has a problem with their dorsal column of the spinal cord
Loss of proprioception

64
Q

What disease can selectively damage the spinothalamic tract?

A

Syringomyelia

65
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

The red nucleus of the midbrain

66
Q

What is the main purpose of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Non pyramidal control of spinal motor activity

Limb flexor muscles

Neurology (15 decks)

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