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Neurology > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the brainstem from top to bottom?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland

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3
Q

Where is the diencephalon

A

Above the midbrain

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4
Q

Why is the thalamus often referred to as the ‘switchboard’ of the brain?

A

It receives and sends information to/from the cerebral hemisphere and has links to basal ganglia.

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5
Q

What is the neurocortex?

A

The cortex which has 6+ layers.

It is for higher functions including conscious thought

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6
Q

What are the connections between the cerebellum and the brainstem known as?

A

Peduncles

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7
Q

What are the three histological layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Molecular
Purkinje
Granular

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8
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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9
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

In the subarachnoid space

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10
Q

What is white mater made up of?

A

Axons

White matter in internal in the brain and external in the spinal cord

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11
Q

What is grey matter made of?

A

Cell bodies, processes and synapses

Found mainly on the outside of the brain and inside of the spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus composed of?

A

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

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13
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior and inferior to the cerebral hemispheres

posterior to brainstem

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14
Q

How many lobes does the cerebellum have? Name them:

A

3
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular Lobe

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15
Q

What does the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex have a lot of?

A

Neurons

>50% of the neurons in the entire nervous system are found here

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16
Q

How do afferent fibers enter the cerebellum and which layer do they project onto?

A

Enter via the peduncles

Project onto the granular layer

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17
Q

State some of the afferent fibers which travel to the cerebellum and where they originate?

A

Somatic proprioceptors (spinal cord)
Pressure receptors (spinal cord)
Cerebral cortex via pons
Vestibular apparatus via vestibular nucleus

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18
Q

What are the efferent axons of the cerebellum mainly composed of?

A

Purkinje cells

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19
Q

Lesions on one side of the cerebellar hemisphere will lead to symptoms on the _________ side?

A

Ipsilateral

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20
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitates movement
Inhibits unwanted movement
Plays part in pressure and tone

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21
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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22
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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23
Q

Other than than the corpus striatum, what else forms the basal ganglia?

A

Subthalmic nucleus

Substantia Nigra

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24
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A

In the midbrain

25
Q

What is the substantia nigra composed of? Pathology here is seen in what disease?

A

Dark pigment involved in dopamine production

Loss of this pigment leads to Parkinsons

26
Q

What is the role of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia and how does it do this?

A

Enhances desired movement

Stimulates the thalamus

27
Q

How does the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia work?

A

Inhibits thalmic outflow, resulting in slowed or inhibited movement

28
Q

What disease leads to problems with the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

Huntingtons

29
Q

Lesions of the basal ganglia lead to symptoms on the ________ side of the body?

A

Contralateral

30
Q

What region is the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

31
Q

What vessel lies deep to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal

32
Q

A tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa:

A

Diaphragm Sellae

33
Q

A tough sheet of dura mater covering the cerebellum and attaching to the ridges of the petrous temple bone

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

34
Q

Midline structure composed of dura mater, attaching to the deep aspect of the skull, which separates the right and left hemisphere:

A

Falx Cerebri

35
Q

What are the attachments of the falx cerebri?

A

Ethmoid bone

Internal occipital protuberance

36
Q

What cranial nerve supplies sensory supply to the dura?

A

CN V

37
Q

What is the straight sinus?

A

This is where the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli meet and attach to one another

38
Q

Where do most afferent cerebellar fibers terminate?

A

Cerebellar cortex (granular layer)

39
Q

What part of the cerebellum is responsible for the maintenance of balance/equilibrium?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

40
Q

What part of the cerebellum is responsible for posture and muscle tone?

A

Spinocerebllum

41
Q

What part of the cerebellum is responsible for muscle coordination, including trajectory and force of movements?

A

Pontocerebellum

42
Q

What does the central sulcus show a divide between?

A

Frontal and Parietal lobes

43
Q

What does the lateral sulcus show a divide between?

A

Parietal and Temporal lobes

44
Q

Embryologically, where does the cerebral hemisphere derive from?

A

Telencephalon

45
Q

What is the role of the gyri and sulci?

A

To maximize surface area

46
Q

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

Great Longitudinal fissure

This accommodates the falx cerebri

47
Q

What unites the two hemisphere’s, deep to the great longitudinal fissure?

A

Corpus Callosum

48
Q

What is significant about the pre-central gyrus?

A

It is the primary motor region of the cerebral hemisphere

49
Q

What is significant about the post central gyrus?

A

It is the primary somatosensory cortex

50
Q

What on the occipital lobe indicates the location of the primary visual cortex?

A

The prominent calcarine sulcus

51
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

The superior temporal gyrus

52
Q

What makes up the “limbic lobe” of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cingulate Gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Hippocampus
(NOTE this is in the medial part of the cerebral hemisphere)

53
Q

Which hemisphere in most individuals is thought to be dominant for language?

A

The left hemisphere

54
Q

Where in respect to the pre-central gyrus is the head located?

A

The representation of the body is inverted, with the head area located in the most inferior part of the precentral gyrus, just above the lateral fissure.

55
Q

Where is the lower limb represented on the pre central gyrus?

A

The lower limb is represented on the medial surface of the hemisphere, above the corpus callosum. .

56
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia and how does it occur?

A

This is characterized by choppy speech and the inability to form complete sentences. Speech is produced with great effort and poor articulation, repetition of words is impaired but powers of comprehension are relatively preserved.
There is also impairment of reading and writing
Caused by damage to the frontal lobe in a place known as Brocas Area

57
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia and how does it occur?

A

Speech that is fluent and rapid but contains word errors (paraphasia) and is incomprehensible. There is profound word-finding difficulty, impaired repetition of words and profound loss of comprehension.
Caused by damage to the Left Temporal Lobe

58
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

These form links between matching areas in the two cerebral hemispheres

59
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus

A

This is a connection of nerve fibers linking Wernicke’s and Broca’s Areas
Damage to this results in the inability to repeat something which is heard

Neurology (15 decks)

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