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Systemic Unit 2 > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

The _________ are three protective connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain

A

Meninges

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2
Q

What covers the spinal nerves up to the vertebral foramen?

A

Spinal meninges

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3
Q

What is the most superficial layer of meninges that is composed of dense irregular CT

A

Dura mater

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4
Q

Where does the Dura mater extend from?

A

The level of the foramen magnum to the second sacral vertebra

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5
Q

_________ _______ is a thin space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

Subdural space

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6
Q

_________ is the middle of the meningeal membranes and its a thin avascular covering

A

Arachnoid mater

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7
Q

________ is the innermost membrane that is a thin transparent CT that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain. It contains many blood vessels

A

Pia mater

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8
Q

________ _______, is a space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, which contains shock absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space

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9
Q

______ _______ are thickening of pia mater that project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid mater and inner surface of dura mater.

A

Denticulate ligament

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10
Q

What protects the spinal cord against sudden displacement?

A

Denticulate ligament

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11
Q

What are the two conspicuous enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement

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12
Q

The _______ ________ extends form the fourth cervical vertebra to the first thoracic vertebra

A

Cervical enlargement

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13
Q

________ _______ extends form the ninth to the 12th thoracic vertebra

A

Lumbar enlargement

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14
Q

What is the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement which ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae?

A

Conus mediullaris

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15
Q

What is an extension of the pia mater that fuses with the arachnoid mater and dura mater inferiorly and functions to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

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16
Q

_______ _______ are the paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body

A

Spinal nerves

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17
Q 
\_\_\_\_ pairs of cervical nerves
\_\_\_\_\_ pairs of thoracic nerves 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ pairs of lumbar nerves 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ pairs of sacral nerves
\_\_\_\_\_\_ pair of coccygeal nerves
A 
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves 
5 pairs of lumbar nerves 
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
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18
Q

What contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

Posterior dorsal root ganglion

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19
Q

What contains axons of motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (muscles and glands)

A

Anterior (ventral) root

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20
Q

what is formed by roots of the lumbar, sacral and cocygeal nerves around the filum terminale?

A

Cauda equina

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21
Q

The _____ matter is on the outer layer of the spinal cord while the _____ matter is an inner layer

A

White matter; grey matter

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22
Q

What are the two grooves that divide the white matter into right and left side?

A

Anterior median fissure (wide groove on anterior surface)

Posterior median sulcus (narrow sulcus on the posterior side)

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23
Q

What are the three columns of white matter?

A

Anterior (ventral) white columns
Posterior (dorsal) white columns
Lateral white columns

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24
Q

______ are bundles of axons which may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord and are either sensory or motor

A

Tracts

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25
_______ tracts consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain
Sensory
26
_________ tracts consist of axons that carry nerve impulses form the brain to the target systems
Motor tracts
27
________ consists of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
Gray matter
28
In the gray matter, what forms the cross bar of the H?
Gray commissure
29
What extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebral spinal fluid. At its superior end is continuous with the 4th ventricle in the medulla
Central canal
30
What recieves input from receptors via sensory neurons?
Sensory nuclei
31
What provides output to effector tissues via motor neurons
Motor nuclei
32
What connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord
Anterior white commissure
33
What contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons?
Posterior gray horn
34
What contains the somatic motor nuclei and provide impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles?
Anterior (ventral) gray horns
35
What is only in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord contain sympathetic motor nuclei
Lateral gray horns
36
What connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands in all parts of the body?
Spinal nerves
37
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
38
The spinal nerve is connected to the cord by two roots (a posterior root with a dorsal ganglion and an anterior root.) This makes the spinal nerve a ________ nerve
Mixed nerve
39
______ is wrapped around individual axons within a nerve, whether or not it is myelinated
Endoneurium
40
________ is the middle layer that is wrapped groups of axons that forms fascicles
Perineurium
41
______ is the outermost covering of the entire nerve
Epineurium
42
Spinal nerve is classified as a ______ nerve; after passing through its intervertebral foramen, divides into branches called ________
Mixed nerve; Rami
43
What supplies muscles and skin of the back?
Posterior dorsal ramus
44
What supplies muscles and structures of upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk?
Anterior ventral ramus
45
What renters the vertebral cavity to supply the structures within the cavity?
Meningeal branch
46
What makes up the rami communicants that are components of the autonomic NS?
White ramus and gray ramus
47
______ ramus is myelinated and contains sympathetic preganglionic axons ______ ramus is unmyelinated, and contained sympathetic post ganglionic axons.
White | Gray
48
What makes up plexuses?
Anterior rami of spinal nerves except for Thoracic nerves T2-T12
49
What are the 4 principal plexuses?
Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus
50
What forms the cervical plexus?
The anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves (C1-C4)
51
_______ plexus supplies the skin and muscles of the head, beach and superior part o the shoulders and chest
Cervical plexus
52
What nerve supplies the skin of the scalp posterior and superior to the ear
Lesser occipital nerve C2
53
What cervical nerve(s) supply the skin anterior, inferior and over ear and over parotid glands.
Great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)
54
What cervical nerves supply the skin over anterior and lateral aspect of the neck?
C2-C3 transverse cervical
55
What cervical nerve supplies the skin over superior portion of the chest and shoulder?
C3-C4
56
________ nerves arise from the cervical plexus and supply motor fibers to the diaphragm
Phrenic
57
What forms the brachial plexus?
Formed by anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1
58
______ plexus divides into roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches
Brachial plexus
59
What are the 5 large terminal branches that arise from the brachial plexus?
``` Axillary nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve ```
60
_______ nerve supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles
Axillary nerve
61
_______ nerve supplies the anterior muscles
Musculocutaneous nerve
62
______ nerve supplies the muscles on the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm
Radial
63
________ nerve supplies most of the muscles of the anterior forearm and some of the muscles of the hand
Median nerve
64
________ nerve supplies the anteromedial muscles of the forearm and some of the muscles of the hand
Ulnar nerve
65
What is the lumbar plexus formed by?
The anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4
66
What does the lumbar plexus supply?
The anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower limb
67
What are the main branches of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral and obturator
68
The femoral branch of the lumbar plexus supplies: - ______ muscles of hip and joint - _______ muscles of knee joint - _______ over the anterior and medial aspect of _____ - ________ of leg and foot
Femoral: - supplies flexor muscles of hip joint - extensor muscles of knee joint - skin over anterior and medial aspect of thigh - medial side of leg and foot.
69
The obturator branch supplies the ________ muscles of the hip joint and _____ over the medial aspect of the thigh
Adductor muscles of the hip joint and skin over the medial aspect of the thigh
70
What is the sacral plexus formed by?
Anterior rami of spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1- S4
71
What does the sacral plexus supply?
The buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs
72
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
73
________ nerve splits at the level of the knee into tibial and common fibular nerves
Sciatic nerve
74
The sciatic nerve splits at about the level of the knee into _______ and __________ nerves
Tibial and common fibular nerves
75
Where do the branches of the sciatic nerve supply?
The hamstring muscles and adductor magnus
76
is a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus.
Reflex
77
_______, takes place in the spinal cord gray matter, patellar reflex (knee jerk).
Spinal reflex
78
_________, occurs in the brain stem, tracking movements of your eyes.
Cranial reflex
79
___________reflex, involve contraction of skeletal muscles
Somatic reflex
80
____________ reflexes, responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Autonomic (visceral)
81
What is a reflex arc?
The neural pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
82
What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?
``` Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integrating center Motor neuron Effector ```

Systemic Unit 2 (6 decks)

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