SPINAL CORD

Question 1

COMPARE THE 4 TYPES OF WAVES

Answer 1

→ Alpha: associated with an awake relaxed adult with eyes closed. Also associated with contemplation, creative thinking and relaxation. Highest amplitudes of alpha waves are often found in the occipital and parietal lobes 8-13 Hz

→ beta: associated with the brains excited state, have very small amplitudes 14-25Hz

→ theta: should not be found in a normal awake adult, may appear when concentrating though 4-7 Hz

→ delta: associated with deep sleep, very large amplitudes 1-4 Hz

Question 2

COMPARING FREQUENCIES AND AMPLITUDES

Answer 2

→ High amplitudes: these are associated with more synchronized neural activity, often found in delta and theta waves (sleep)

→ low amplitudes: is associated with more active brian activity and spread out energy, is often found in alpha and especially beta waves.

In terms of Hz (frequency), the higher it is the more active brain activity is occurring (beta → alpha → theta → delta), and the lower it is the less active brain activity is occurring.

Question 3

GROSS ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD

Answer 3

→ epidural space: contains adipose and blood vessels
→ dura mater: tough fibrous protective tissue
→ subdural space: separates dura and arachnoid mater
→ arachnoid mater: contains arachnoid granulations that carry CSF
→ subarachnoid space: contains CSF
→ pia mater: thin layer with blood vessels that nourishes the central nervous system
→ lateral/ventral/dorsal horns: ventral= motor information, dorsal=sensory information, lateral=autonomic information
→ ventral and dorsal roots: ventral=motor, dorsal=sensory
→ dorsal root ganglia: made up of sensory cell bodies, is also grey matter
→ ventral and dorsal rami: contain both motor and sensory fibers
→ ramus communicans and sympathetic trunk: autonomic information

→ spinal cord
→ cervical plexus
→ cervical enlargement
→ anterior median fissure
→ brachial plexus
→ conus medullaris
→ filum terminale
→ cauda equina
→ lumbar enlargement
→ lumbar plexus
→ sacral plexus

Question 4

CERVICAL PLEXUS

Answer 4

→ phrenic nerve
Origin: C3-C5
Muscle served: diaphragm

Question 5

BRACHIAL PLEXUS: AXILLARY

Answer 5

→ axillary nerve
Origin: C5-C6
Muscle: deltoid and teres minor
Cutaneous: shoulder region

Question 6

BRACHIAL PLEXUS: RADIAL

Answer 6

→ radial nerve
Origin: C5-C8, T1
Muscle: posterior muscles of arm and forearm
Cutaneous: posterolateral surface of entire limb

Question 7

BRACHIAL PLEXUS: MEDIAN

Answer 7

→ median nerve
Origin: C5-C7, C8 and T1
Muscles: flexor group of anterior forearm, intrinsic muscles of lateral hand, digital branches to fingers
Cutaneous: ventrolateral hand, dorsum of fingers 2 and 3

Question 8

BRACHIAL PLEXUS: ULNAR

Answer 8

→ ulnar nerve
Origin: C8-T1
Muscles: flexors of anterior forearm, most intrinsic muscles of hand
Cutaneous: antero- posteromedial hand

Question 9

LUMBAR PLEXUS

Answer 9

→ Femoral nerve
Origin: L2-L4
Muscles: anterior muscles of thigh
Cutaneous: anteromedial thigh, medial leg and foot, hip and knee joints

Question 10

SACRAL PLEXUS: SIATIC

Answer 10

→ Sciatic nerve
Origin: L4,L5, S1-3
Muscle: entire lower limb except for anteromedial thigh. Gluteus maximus, thigh extensors and leg flexors
Cutaneous: posterior thigh region

Question 11

SACRAL PLEXUS: TIBIAL

Answer 11

→ tibial nerve
Origin: L4-L5
Muscles: hamstrings, back of leg, intrinsic muscles of foot
Cutaneous: posterior surface of leg, sole of foot

Question 12

SACRAL PLEXUS: COMMON FIBULAR

Answer 12

→ common fibular nerve
Origin: L4-S2
Muscles: knee joint, anterolateral leg, extensor muscle of toes
Cutaneous: anterolateral surface of leg, dorsum of foot