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Anatomy > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are present?

A

31 pairs

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2
Q

What is the extent of spinal cord?

A

It extends from atlas vertebra to first lumbar vertebrae.

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3
Q

What are superior and inferior connection of spinal cord.

A

Superiorly it is continuous with medulla and inferiorly it is continuous with conus medullaris.

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4
Q

What are the meaningeal covering of spinal cord?

A

Outermost - Duramater
Middle - Arachnoid
Innermost - Piamater

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5
Q

What is subdural space?

A

Space between duramater and Arachnoid

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6
Q

Sub Arachnoid space contains

A

CSF present between Arachnoid and piamater.

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7
Q

What is lumbar puncture?

A

Withdrawal of CSF from subarachnoid space from lumbar region of spine .

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8
Q

Conus medullaris continues from spinal cord at level of

A

L1 vertebrae

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9
Q

What is filum terminale?

A

Piamater continues below L1 as thin fibrous cord which is called as filum terminale

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10
Q

What is epidural space and it’s importance?

A

Epidural space is present between duramater and endosteal of vertebral canal. Epidural anaesthesia is given here .

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11
Q

What does epidural space contains?

A

It is filled with adipose tissue and blood vessels network are also present.

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12
Q

What are the modifications of piamater and it’s importance.

A

1) Ligamenta denticulata
2) Lines splendens
3) Filum Terminale
a) Filum terminale internum(2nd saccral vertebrae)
b) Filum terminale externum

These are important to keep spinal cord in position during movement of vertebral column.

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13
Q

What does subarachnoid space contains?

A

It contains spinal nerve roots which constitute cauda equina.

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14
Q

What are the enlargement in spinal cord?

A

Muscles of limb have to be supplied by spinal cord so they form enlargement at appropriate levels to supply increased musculature.

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15
Q

Which are the two enlargement?

A

Cervical enlargement for supply of upper limb. - C⁴ to T¹
Lumbar enlargement for supply of lower limb. - L² to S³.

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16
Q

What is cauda equina?

A

Dorsal and ventral nerve of right and left side of L2 to L5 , S1 to S5 and Co1 lie around filum terminale which forms cauda equina.

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17
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in cauda equina?

A

40 spinal nerves

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18
Q

Nerve root and it’s emergence in cauda equina.

A

At every intervertebral foramen, 4 nerve roots exit cauda equina.

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19
Q

What does anterior spinal fissure contains?

A

Anterior spinal artery

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20
Q

Each half of spinal cord is divided into

A

Anterior, Lateral and Posterior segment by anterolateral and posterolateral sulci.

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21
Q

Which nerve roots emerge form anterolateral and posterolateral sulci

A

Ventral or motor roots from anterolateral suclus and dorsal or sensory roots from posterolateral sulcus.

22
Q

What is position of gray matter and white matter in spinal cord?

A

Gray matter is present inside and white matter at periphery.

23
Q

Where is Central canal and cells lining it are..

A

Central canal is present in centre of gray matter and is lined by epindymal cells

24
Q

What is shape of gray matter.

A

Gray matter is H shaped

25
Q

Lateral horn is present in spinal cord at which levels.

A

T1 to L2 & S2 to S4 segment is additional lateral horn present to supply viscera.

26
Q

What is dorsal horn?

A

It consists of sensory neurons that receive somatosensory information. Fro here ascending projections emerge to transmit it into diencephalon.

27
Q

What is ventral horn.

A

It consists of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

28
Q

Nerve cells in gray matter of spinal cord are

A

These are multipolar consisting of Golgi Type 1 and Golgi Type 2 cell.

29
Q

What is difference between Golgi Type 1 and Golgi Type 2 cells?

A

Axons of Golgi Type 1 are long and pass out of gray matter into ventral spinal root of white matter.
Axons and dendrites of Golgi Type 2 are confined to neighbouring neurons of gray matter.

30
Q

Total number of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

31
Q

Spinal nerves list with vertebrae

A

8 cervical , 12 thoracic, 5 Lumbar 5 Saccral and 1 coccygeal.

32
Q

How does a spinal nerve arise?

A

It arise from 6 to 8 dorsal and ventral rootlets which unite near intervertebral foramen to form spinal nerve.

33
Q

What is dorsal root ganglion?

A

It is swelling in posterior or dorsal root ganglion which houses cell bodies of all sensory neurons. These are pseduounipolar.

34
Q

What are the branches arising from spinal cord ?

A

Dorsal ramus which supplies only to dorsal 1/3rd of body wall.
Ventral ramus which supplies ventral 2/3rd of body wall including limbs.

35
Q

What is spinal segment?

A

Part of spinal cord to which a pair of dorsal and ventral nerve roots are attached.

36
Q

Which month of embryonic life spinal cord extends throughout vertebral column?

A

3rd month of embryonic development

37
Q

What is location of spinal nerves in cervical region?

A

C1 to C7 exit above their corresponding vertebrae whereas C8 exits below C7 vertebrae.

38
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord is divided into 3 horns which are…

A

Anterior is motor
Lateral is visceral afferent and efferent
Posterior is sensory in function.

39
Q

Cells in anterior horn of gray matter of spinal cord is arranged into 3 layers which are

A

Medial group - Present throughout spinal cord and innervate axial muslces
Lateral group - present in cervical and lumbar enlargement and divided into 3 groups. Anterolateral, posterolateral and post posterolateral.
Central group - In cervical enlargement as nucleus of phrenic nerve and spinal root of accessory nerve.

40
Q

Nuclei in lateral column are two which are

A

Intermediomedia acts as afferent and efferent nuclear columnsl and intermediolateral nuclei is internuncial neuronal column.

41
Q

Name the nuclei in posterior gray column of spinal cord.

A

Posteromarginal nucleus
Substantia gelatinosa
Nucleus proprius
Nucleus dorsalis

42
Q

What are the functional classification of sensory receptors?

A

Exteroceptors - touch temperature pain and pressure
Proprioceptors - coordination of muscles, maintenance of body
posture and equilibrium
Interoceptors - walls of viscera, gland, blood
vessels and specialised structures in the carotid sinus,
carotid bodies and osmoreceptors.
Special sense receptors - vision, hearing, smell, balance and taste.

43
Q

What are types of descending tracts?

A

Pyramidal and extra pyramidal tract.
Pyramidal or corticospinal is of anterior and lateral
Extrapyramidal - Rubrospinal, medial and lateral reticulospinal, olivispinal , tectospinal and lateral vestibulospinal.

44
Q

Pyramidal decussation is formed by

A

Lateral corticospinal tract of pyramidal tract present in descending tract.

45
Q

What is the function of pyramidal tract?

A

Main motor tract for skillful voluntary movements.

46
Q

What is significance of pyramidal tract?

A

Controls gross and fine skilled movements through this tract.
Facilitatory of flexors
Inhibitory for extensors

47
Q

Rubrospinal tract which arises from red nucleus in midbrain has which decussation and it’s function?

A

fibres
cross with the fibres of the opposite side in the
tegmentum of midbrain, constituting the ventral
tegmental decussation.
Controls tone of limb flexor muscles.

48
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract neurons crosses in

A

Spinal cord

49
Q

What is course of medial reticulospinal tract?

A

Formed from reticular fibers in pons and decends in cervical segments. It lies in anterior white column of spinal cord.

50
Q

What is function of medial reticulospinal tract?

A

voluntary movement, reflex activity and muscle tone by controlling of alpha and gamma neurons.

Anatomy (6 decks)

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