Spinal Cord

Question 1

Intermediolateral cell column

Answer 1

Sympathetic nuclei in spinal cord (lateral horn), preganglionic autonomic

T1-L2

Question 2

Gamma motor neuron

Answer 2

controls muscle tone by modulating the sensitivity of muscle spindle

Question 3

Motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Answer 3

Alpha motor neuron, gamma motor neuron

Question 4

Preganglionic autonomic neurons (parasympathetic)

Answer 4

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus, S2-S4

Question 5

Clarke nucleus, nucleus dorsalis

Answer 5

Spinal cord nucleus responsible for propioception found in thoracic levels

Question 6

Tract found on the lateral border of the spinal cord

Answer 6

Dorsal and ventral sponocerebellar tract

Question 7

meningioma found in which layer of meninges

Answer 7

Intradural, extramedullary, subarachnoid

Question 8

Schwannoma layer of meninge found:

Answer 8

Subarachnoid

Question 9

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 9

Motor neuron disease, with preserved sensory. Only anterior horn cells and corticospinal tracts are affected

Question 10

What is the difference between conus medullaris syndrome and cauda equina syndrome?

Answer 10

No cord compression is found in cauda equina syndrome

Question 11

What is the characteristic feature of chronic phase of spinal cord injury?

Answer 11

Formation of cystic cavity/syrinx, maturation of fibroglial scar

Question 12

Wallerian degeneration / axonal dieback

Answer 12

Refers to very limited regeneration in the CNS due to lack of myelin and inhibition from myelin inhibitors

Question 13

How is neurogenic shock (due to acute spinal injury above T6) different from vascular shock?

Answer 13

Reduced sympathetic outflow and bradycardia

Question 14

Lower spinal cord levels have… compared to lower levels.

Answer 14

Less white matter

Question 15

Why do some levels of the spinal cord have larger ventral horns

Answer 15

Supply the upper and lower limbs

Question 16

A-alpha nerve fiber

Answer 16

Somatic efferent

Question 17

A-beta nerve fiber

Answer 17

Touch & vibration

Question 18

A-delta nerve fiber

Answer 18

Temp. & sharp pain

Question 19

B nerve fiber

Answer 19

Pregang. Autonomic

Question 20

C nerve fiber

Answer 20

No myelin. Postganglionic autonomic, dull-aching pain

Question 21

How to tell the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons on a histo section?

Answer 21

Schwann cells envelop 1 axon in myelinated axons. In unmyelinated, 1 Schwann cell envelops several axons.

Question 22

Golgi tendon organs are composed of…

Answer 22

Nucleus bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers

Question 23

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Answer 23

Antibodies to Ca channels in presynaptic axon

Question 24

Myasthenia gravis syndrome

Answer 24

IgG antibodies against nicotinic AChR in postsynaptic neuron

Question 25

Botulinum toxin

Answer 25

Prevents neurotransmitter vesicles from being exocytosis

Question 26

Polyneuropathy nerve function loss pattern

Answer 26

Glove and stocking pattern

Question 27

Guillain Barre syndrome

Answer 27

Polyneuropathy due to previous viral infection, mostly due to antibodies attacking myelin in the PNS

Question 28

In what scenarios does the surgeon need to suture the nerve together for it to heal?

Answer 28

Neurotmesis, or loss of continuity of the entire nerve.

Question 29

Autograft commonly uses which nerve?

Answer 29

Sural nerve

Question 30

Which nucleus is found in all thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 30

Clarke nucleus