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Neuro > Function of various regions in the brain > Flashcards

Function of various regions in the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Amygdala esp. lateral/basolateral nucleus of the amygdala

A

Fear conditioning from senses. Sends to central nucleus to respond.

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2
Q

Amygdala lesion causes

A

Urbach-Wiethe disease (impairment of fear)

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3
Q

Korsakoff

A

Lesion of mamillary body and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

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4
Q

Hypothalamus and mamillary body

A

Emotional responses

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5
Q

Anterior cingulate gyrus (subgenual sector)

A

The ability to feel happy, sad.

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6
Q

Depression etiology

A

Impaired anterior cingulate gyrus (subgenual sector)

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7
Q

Posterior cingulate gyrus

A

Increases activity during happiness vs sadness

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8
Q

Hypothalamus (emotion)

A

Increases activity during anger vs fear

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9
Q

Episodic memory

A

medial temporal lobe

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10
Q

Semantic memory

A

Medial temporal lobe

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11
Q

Procedural memory

A

Striatum, cerebellum

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12
Q

Operant conditioning A-B-C

A

Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence

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13
Q

Operant conditioning reinforcement

A

Extinction
Punishment
Positive & negative reinforcement

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14
Q

What type of reinforcement is this: You hit a dog to stop them from biting you.

A

Punishment

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15
Q

What type of reinforcement is this: you give a dog a treat to continue licking you.

A

Positive reinfocement

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16
Q

What type of reinforcement is this: You stop giving a dog belly rubs when he bites you.

A

Extinction

17
Q

What type of reinforcement is this: You stop pulling on your dog’s leash when he stops pulling on it.

A

Negative reinforcement

18
Q

Papez circuit is…

A

Emotional modulation + long-term memory formation

19
Q

Papez circuit components

A
  1. Hippocampus X H.Molaison, Khluver-Bucy syndrome
    TRACT: FORNIX
  2. Mamillary body X N.A. (fencing accident), Korsakoff’s
    TRACT: MAMILLOTHALAMIC T.
  3. Thalamus : anterior nucleus
    TRACT: ANTERIOR LIMB OF INTERNAL CAPSULE (THALAMOCINGULAR FIBERS)
  4. Cingulate gyrus
    TRACT: CINGULUM
  5. Hippocampus
20
Q

Hippocampus fxn

A

new longterm memories

21
Q

Schizophrenia has increased __ and decreased __ .

A

Striatal dopaminergic fxn, prefrontal cholinergic

22
Q

FEF

A

Commander of horizontal conjugate eye movements (saccade). Only component of the tract that is contralateral.

23
Q

MLF lesion: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia due to stroke, MS

A

Ipsilateral eye cannot move to desired position. Other eye develops nystagmus due to diplopia and FEF commands.

Adduction impairment of ipsilateral eye.
Abducting nystagmus of contralateral eye.
Preserved convergence.

24
Q

Uncontrolled saccade

A

Omnipause neuron lesion
@ Dorsal raphe nuclei, responsible for both horizontal and vertical saccades

25
Q

Excitatory burst neuron

A

Signals to contract lateral rectus. @ PPRF, riMLF

26
Q

Neural integrator

A

Maintains muscle tone @ interstitial nucleus of Cajal (vertical)

27
Q

Gaze-evoked nystagmus (cannot maintain at full right gaze)

A

Neural integrator lesion. Lower brainstem lesion, cerebellar lesion, vestibular lesion.

28
Q

PATTERN GENERATOR
Vertical gaze center =
horizontal gaze center =

A

Rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF = riMLF
PPRF

29
Q

Posterior commisure

A

Bilateral projection from riMLF to CN III and CN IV nuclei

30
Q

Vertical gaze palsy e.g. parinaud, dorsal midbrain

A

Pinealoma compressed posterior commissure fibers that control upward gaze but preserved light reflex in convergence (Light-near disassociation, Pseudo Argyll-Robertson pupils) due to preserved supraoculomotor nuclei

31
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Integration of motor and visual information required for saccade. Can take over after FEF lesion recovery.

32
Q

Smooth prusuit higher centers

A

FEF, IPS, TEF (temporal eye field)

33
Q

Pattern generator smooth pursuit

A

Dorsolateral pontine nuclei ipsilateral side –> cerebellum –> vestibular nuclei –> MLF to CN III, IV, VI

34
Q

Supraocolumotor nuclei

A

Sends accomodation reflex commands to CN III nuclei and EW n.

35
Q

VOR causes the head to move to the __ when the left CNVIII is stimulated

A

RIGHT
Away from excitation

36
Q

The fast phase of nystagmus wants to

A

Correct to neutral position

37
Q

OKR VS VOR

A

Optokinetic reflex overrules VOR if the scene is moving.
The eyes’ slow phase moves following scene, fast phase attempts to correct to neutral position

Neuro (18 decks)

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