Anatomy of cerebral cortex Flashcards
Two dopamine circuits
Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Acetylcholine circuit
Learning & memory, nucleus basalis of Meynert & pedunculopontine nucleus
Serotinin circuits
Decreased in depression & anxiety, Midbrain Raphe nuclei
Gamma amminobutyric acid (GABA) found in
inhibitory granule cells
Aspartate’s role as a neurotransmitter
excitatory
Anterior part of insular cortex
Cortical center for pain
Central part of insular cortex
Language, limbic function
Posterior part of insular cortex
Emotional responses of pain evaluation
Orbitobasal division of prefrontal cortex
Inhibition, social control
Dorsolateral division of prefrontal cortex
Attention, generate words, designs, ideas
Medial frontal division of prefrontal cortex
Motivation
FTD: Frontal temporal dementia
Atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, similar symptoms to Phineas Gage
Gyri surrounding posterior ramus of Sylvian fissure: caudal portions of supramarginal and angular gyrus
Language area, responsible for associating visual, auditory, tactile info before sending them to Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Damage to the language area (caudal portions of supramarginal and angular gyrus), causes alexia, agraphia, acalcuria
Heteromodal association cortex (higher order) modulates with …
- Unimodal sensory association cortex, 2. Limbic system, 3. Unimodal motor association cortex
Commisural fibers
Connects two hemisphers e.g. corpus callosum, anterior & posterior commisure
Projection fibers
Exits cerebral cortex e.g. to spinal cord
The rostrum, genu of the corpus callosum, and rostral 1/4 of the corpus callosum
Frontal lobe connections
The forceps minor is
anterior U of the corpus callosum, found at the genu
The forceps major is
posterior U of the corpus callosum, found at the splenium (temporal and occipital lobe fibers)
Association fibers
Intrahemispheric fibers (ipsilateral) e.g. Short (U) fibers, arcuate fasciculus (connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s). uncinate fasciculus (ant. termporal lobe and basal frontal lobe), cingulum (subcallosal area - hippocampal formation)
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Can be seen from lateral and midsagittal views, separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Calcarine sulcus
Cannot be clearly seen from lateral views, is enveloped by the primary visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is the posteriormost portion of the occipital lobe from lateral perspectives.
Cortical representation of the visual field on the primary visual cortex
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Magnocellular pathway
Dorsal stream: From primary visual cortex expands towards the parietal lobe, answers the question of “WHere?”
Parvocellular pathway
Ventral stream: From primary visual cortex expands towards the temporal lobe, answers the question of “What?”
If the left hemisphere is language dominant, the right is … dominant.
Occipitotemporal gyrus on the right side, responsible for visual identification. “What?”
Prosopagnosia
the inability to recognize faces (damage to the right occipitotemporal gyrus)
Frontal eye field
Posterior part of middle frontal gyrus, rostral to BA6 (premotor area), responsible for voluntary horizontal conjugate eye movement
Primary somatosensory areas
Postcentral gyrus + posterior paracentral lobule
