Anatomy of cerebral cortex

Question 1

Two dopamine circuits

Answer 1

Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 2

Acetylcholine circuit

Answer 2

Learning & memory, nucleus basalis of Meynert & pedunculopontine nucleus

Question 3

Serotinin circuits

Answer 3

Decreased in depression & anxiety, Midbrain Raphe nuclei

Question 4

Gamma amminobutyric acid (GABA) found in

Answer 4

inhibitory granule cells

Question 5

Aspartate’s role as a neurotransmitter

Answer 5

excitatory

Question 6

Anterior part of insular cortex

Answer 6

Cortical center for pain

Question 7

Central part of insular cortex

Answer 7

Language, limbic function

Question 8

Posterior part of insular cortex

Answer 8

Emotional responses of pain evaluation

Question 9

Orbitobasal division of prefrontal cortex

Answer 9

Inhibition, social control

Question 10

Dorsolateral division of prefrontal cortex

Answer 10

Attention, generate words, designs, ideas

Question 11

Medial frontal division of prefrontal cortex

Answer 11

Motivation

Question 12

FTD: Frontal temporal dementia

Answer 12

Atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, similar symptoms to Phineas Gage

Question 13

Gyri surrounding posterior ramus of Sylvian fissure: caudal portions of supramarginal and angular gyrus

Answer 13

Language area, responsible for associating visual, auditory, tactile info before sending them to Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Question 14

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Answer 14

Damage to the language area (caudal portions of supramarginal and angular gyrus), causes alexia, agraphia, acalcuria

Question 15

Heteromodal association cortex (higher order) modulates with …

Answer 15

1. Unimodal sensory association cortex, 2. Limbic system, 3. Unimodal motor association cortex

Question 16

Commisural fibers

Answer 16

Connects two hemisphers e.g. corpus callosum, anterior & posterior commisure

Question 17

Projection fibers

Answer 17

Exits cerebral cortex e.g. to spinal cord

Question 18

The rostrum, genu of the corpus callosum, and rostral 1/4 of the corpus callosum

Answer 18

Frontal lobe connections

Question 19

The forceps minor is

Answer 19

anterior U of the corpus callosum, found at the genu

Question 20

The forceps major is

Answer 20

posterior U of the corpus callosum, found at the splenium (temporal and occipital lobe fibers)

Question 21

Association fibers

Answer 21

Intrahemispheric fibers (ipsilateral) e.g. Short (U) fibers, arcuate fasciculus (connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s). uncinate fasciculus (ant. termporal lobe and basal frontal lobe), cingulum (subcallosal area - hippocampal formation)

Question 22

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 22

Can be seen from lateral and midsagittal views, separates the parietal and occipital lobes

Question 23

Calcarine sulcus

Answer 23

Cannot be clearly seen from lateral views, is enveloped by the primary visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is the posteriormost portion of the occipital lobe from lateral perspectives.

Question 24

Cortical representation of the visual field on the primary visual cortex

Answer 24

กลับล่าง-บน ซ้าย-ขวา

Question 25

Magnocellular pathway

Answer 25

Dorsal stream: From primary visual cortex expands towards the parietal lobe, answers the question of “WHere?”

Question 26

Parvocellular pathway

Answer 26

Ventral stream: From primary visual cortex expands towards the temporal lobe, answers the question of “What?”

Question 27

If the left hemisphere is language dominant, the right is … dominant.

Answer 27

Occipitotemporal gyrus on the right side, responsible for visual identification. “What?”

Question 28

Prosopagnosia

Answer 28

the inability to recognize faces (damage to the right occipitotemporal gyrus)

Question 29

Frontal eye field

Answer 29

Posterior part of middle frontal gyrus, rostral to BA6 (premotor area), responsible for voluntary horizontal conjugate eye movement

Question 30

Primary somatosensory areas

Answer 30

Postcentral gyrus + posterior paracentral lobule