spinal cord

Question 1

What are the 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 1

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Question 2

What fills the compartment formed by the meninges and act as a cushion and means of exchanging substances between the brain and the rest of the body?

Answer 2

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

Blood brain barrier is specialized endothelial cells that regulate ___ contents

Answer 3

CSF

Question 4

Meninges are continuous from ___ to ___

Answer 4

Brain, spinal cord

Question 5

Tough, outermost meninges layer bound to the surface of the skull, bound loosely to vertebral canal, and innervated

Answer 5

Dura mater

Question 6

Middle meninges layer

Answer 6

Arachnoid mater

Question 7

Thin, inner most meninges layer that envelopes the entire brain/spinal cord (vascularized)

Answer 7

Pia mater

Question 8

What space is between the dura mater and the periosteum/lig of the vertebral canal that contains CT, fat, venous plexuses?

Answer 8

Epidural space

Question 9

What is the narrow space between the arachnoid and dura mater?

Answer 9

Subdural space

Question 10

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater that contains CSF and large blood vessels of CNS?

Answer 10

Subarachnoid space

Question 11

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Answer 11

Choroid plexuses

Question 12

What are denticulate lig? Where are they found?

Answer 12

Anchoring lig formed by pia mater

Lat on spinal cord with processes extending from the pia to dura mater

Question 13

The spinal cord occupies upper 2/3 of vertebral canal from ___ to L2. It’s continuous w ___ at upper end and ___ at lower end

Answer 13

Foramen magnum

Brainstem

Cauda equina

Question 14

Parts of the spinal cord

Answer 14

Conus medullaris

Filum terminale

Cauda equina

Question 15

Nerve roots come together and form?

Answer 15

Spinal nerve @ given spinal level

Question 16

Enlargements at spinal cord occur @?

Answer 16

Cervical: origin of spinal nerves (brachial plexus)

Lumbar: origin of spinal nerves (lumbar and sacral plexus)

Question 17

Grey matter

Answer 17

Inner core of spinal cord made up of unmyelinated cell bodies and synapses between neurons

Question 18

Grey matter horns

Answer 18

Dorsal: sensory info (into spinal cord)

Ventral: motor info (leave spinal cord)

Lat:autonomic sympathetic nerves (leave via ventral horns)

Question 19

White matter

Answer 19

Around grey matter, made of myelinated neurons, form tracts nerve fibers running up and down spinal cord

Question 20

Each spinal nerve has 3 func component

Answer 20

Somatic component (motor and sensory)

Visceral component (autonomic sympathetic NS)

Question 21

___ pairs spinal nerves

Answer 21

31
8 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, 1 Coccygeal

Question 22

Spinal nerves consist of

Answer 22

Dorsal root: sensory

Ventral root: motor

Question 23

T/F: C1&2 spinal roots are horizontal and form spinal nerves at same level as their intervertebral foramen?

Answer 23

T

Question 24

C3-8 spinal roots slope

Answer 24

Obliquely down never exceeding height of 1 vertebrae

Question 25

Thoracic spinal roots slope

Answer 25

Obliquely down and in lower region, descend length of at least 2 vertebrae

Question 26

Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal roots descend

Answer 26

Almost vertically (exit via intervertebral foramen or sacral foramina more than 2 segments from where originate)

Question 27

What structures of the intervertebral foramen affect the spinal nerves?

Answer 27

Vertebral body and intervertebral discs ant Zygapophysial joints and ligamentum flavum post Pedicles above and below

Question 28

What exits intervertebral foramen?

Answer 28

Spinal nerves Blood vessels (segmental medullary arteries) Sinuvertebral (recurrent meningeal) nerves

Question 29

Sinuvertebral (recurrent meningeal) nerves supplies

Answer 29

Post longitudinal lig and intervertebral discs @ lvl Blood vessels of vertebral canal Dura mater and dural sleeve

Question 30

ANS (autonomic NS) func

Answer 30

Responsible for stability and maintenance of body’s internal environment (homeostasis)

Question 31

Structures supplied by ANS have ___ innervation functioning at subconscious lvl

Answer 31

Involuntary

Question 32

ANS contains motor and sensory nerve fibers which go to which types of musc?

Answer 32

Smooth, cardiac musc Exocrine glands

Question 33

Parasympathetic arm of the ANS (craniosacral sys) PSNS

Answer 33

Responsible for conserving energy and routine maintenance of bodily activities (rest and digest)

Question 34

PSNS neurons exit CNS w

Answer 34

Cranial and sacral spinal nerves

Question 35

Sympathetic arm of the ANS (thoracolumbar sys) SNS

Answer 35

Prepare body for emergencies (fight or flight)

Question 36

PSNS: pre-ganglionic fibers are ___, post-ganglionic fibers are ___

Answer 36

Long Short

Question 37

Where do pre- and post-ganglionic fibers synapse in SNS?

Answer 37

Sympathetic chain ganglia in thoracic and lumbar regions OR Abdominal and cervical ganglia

Question 38

T/F: sympathetic chain ganglia lie on the medial sides of bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 38

F: lat side

Question 39

Pre-ganglionic fibers run between

Answer 39

CNS and ganglion

Question 40

Post-ganglionic fibers run between

Answer 40

Ganglion and target tissue innervated

Question 41

Neurons usually travel via

Answer 41

White rami communicans (pre-ganglionic fibers) to sympathetic ganglia near thoracic or lumbar vertebral body to synapse w post-ganglionic neuron

Question 42

Post-ganglionic neuron travels via

Answer 42

Gray rami communicans (Secrete norepi)

Question 43

Symp neurons outside intervertebral foramen, pre-ganglionic fibers can do 1 of 4 things

Answer 43

1 enter symp chain ganglia (enter and exit same lvl) 2 enter symp chain ganglia travel up/down lvls then exit 3 enter symp chain ganglia w/o synapsing and cont traveling (thoracic to abdominal cavity) 4 SNS innervation to adrenal gland

Question 44

Main ganglia in abdominal cavity?

Answer 44

Celiac, sup, inf mesenteric ganglia (Where symp mesenteric pre- and post-ganglionic neurons synapse)

Question 45

There are only ___-ganglionic symp neruons in 4th pathway (adrenal gland)

Answer 45

Pre

Question 46

What acts as “post-ganglionic neuron” in 4th pathway?

Answer 46

Epi

Question 47

What arteries provide main blood supply to cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) at base of brain

Answer 47

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 48

Vertebral arteries give off 3 main longitudinal arteries that run down the spinal cord

Answer 48

Ant spinal artery (union of branches off of vertebral arteries) 2 post spinal arteries (each = branch off of each vertebral arteries)

Question 49

Spinal arteries give off

Answer 49

Radicular arteries and segmental medullary arteries

Question 50

Radicular arteries run along along ___to enter spinal cord and vascularize just nerve roots by coming off of segmental medullary arteries

Answer 50

Spinal nerve root

Question 51

Segmental medullary arteries come off of ___&___ and anastomose w ___&___

Answer 51

Ant and post spinal arteries Post intercostal and lumbar arteries

Question 52

T/F: 3 ant and post spinal beings run longitudinally w arteries

Answer 52

T

Question 53

T/&F medullary and radicular veins are paired with arteries

Answer 53

T