Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
1st Branchial arch structures
Nerves: V3
Bones: Mandible, Malleus (“merkel’s cartilage), and incus (quadrate cartilage).
Muscles: Muscles of mastication & jaw closing muscles.
Apical dental ligament is a remnant of…
The notocord
The epimeric division of the mytome gives rise to…
Extensor muscles
The hypomeric division of the mytome gives rise to…
Flexor muscles
What is the most common nerve type in the nervous system?
Multipolar (motor)
All back muscles that are innervated by nerves that come off of the brachial plexus are considered to be…
Ventral primary rami
ex: rhomboids = dorsal scapular n.
The facets are innervated by…
Dorsal primary rami (medial branch)
Aka for lower motor neuron?
Final common pathway
What is the name of the floor of the floor of the fourth ventricle?
Obex
The metencephalon gives rise to which ventricle?
4th (THE ROOF ONLY)
*the floor (obex) comes from the myelencephalon)
2nd branchial arch structures
Nerve: VII
Bone: stapes, inferior cornu of hyoid bone, styloid process
Muscle: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. digastric.
3rd branchial arch structures
Nerve: IX
Bones: Body of hyoid, greater cornu
Muscle: stylopharyngeus
4th and 6th branchial arches
Nerve: X
Bones: Laryngeal cartilage
Muscle: Cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, larynx mm
Telencephalon derivatives
Cortex/basal ganglion
CN: I
Ventricle: Lateral ventricles
Diencephalon derivatives
“Thalamus shit”
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland)
CN: II
Ventricle: 3rd
Mesencephalon derivatives
Midbrain
CN: III and IV
Ventricle: Aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct)
Metencephalon derivatives
Pons and Cerebellum
CN: V - VIII
Ventricle: Roof of the 4th
Myelencephalon derivatives
Medulla
CN: IX - XII
Ventricle: Floor of the 4th (known as the “Obex”
What two hormones are responsible for maintaining threshold in an action potential?
PTH and Calcitonin
*Due to their affect on calcium
VPM of the thalamus is responsible for…
Sensory to the face
VPL of the thalamus is responsible for…
Sensory to the arms and legs
*This is where the dorsal columns go to from the cuneate and gracilis (hence sensory to arms and legs)
Lateral geniculate of the thalamus is responsible for…
Sensory to the eyes
*geniculates give signal to structures OPPOSITE of where they are. i.e the medial will give sensory to the ears. TA DA!!!!
The lentiform of the basal ganglia is made up of what two structures?
The globus pallidus and putamen
* The two “P’s”
Meissner’s and auerbach’s plexuses allow for…
Peristalsis
*derived from neural crest cells
If somebody is born w/o these two plexi = Hirscprung’s disease
Damage to the posterior cerebellar artery will result in which syndrome?
Wallenberg syndrome
*ipsilateral loss of pain and temp to face, contralateral loss to the body
AKA for the confluence of sinuses?
Torculus herophilus
*located at the inion
That lateral ventricles are separated by which structure?
Septum pellucidum (separates left and right ventricles)
Damage to the venous system will result in what type of hemorrhage?
Subdural
*It will come on 7-10 days later.
A Beri aneurysm in the circle of Willis will cause what type of hemorrhage?
Subarachnoid
*Full, intense headache. “Like I got hit with a baseball bat.” But no trauma actually involved.
Rubrospinal tract fx?
Proximal flexors of upper and lower extremity
Reticulospinal tract fx?
Extensors of the back and arms
Tectospinal tract fx?
Neck muscles and reflex to light
Vestibulospinal tract fx?
Extensors of the legs
Motor to the eyes (III, IV, VI) via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
*Fun fact: when we ask patients to turn their heads left and right when performing a leg check, its coming from the vestibulospinal tract in the cerebellum. ( cerebellum—–> anterior horn——-> gamma motor neurons——-> intrafusal fibers for TONE!!!)
Lateral and ventral corticospinal tract fx?
Lateral = flexors of DISTAL extremities (rubrospinal does proximal) Ventral = flexors of trunk
Alpha motor neurons (synapse sight for lower motor neurons) AKA?
Final Common Pathway
AKA for Rexed lamina II & VII?
II = Tract of Lissauer AKA Substantia Gelatinosa VII = Nucleus Dorsalis of Clark
Corse of the spinothalamic tract?
Receptor (free nerve endings)—-> nerve—-> DRG—-> Lamina II—-> decussates @ Lamina VII—-> travels up to the contralateral VPL(thalamus) —-> cortex (post-central gyrus)
Corse of the dorsal columns?
Receptor (pacinian- Ab fibers)—-> fasciculus gracilis or cuneatus—-> up to the medulla—-> decussated @ the MEDIAL LEMNISCUS—-> contralateral VPL—- cortex (post-central gyrus)
Muscle spindles are what fiber type?
1a
*spindle for stretch
Golgi tendon organ are what type of fibers?
1b
In the spino-olivary tract, connection to the inferior cerebellar peduncle from the inferior olivary nucleus happens by way of what type of fibers?
Climbing fibers
The facial nerve turns into what nerve in the middle ear?
Chorae tympani
*runs through the stylomastoid foramen
AKA for trigeminal ganglion?
Gasserian ganglion
*means “thread-like”
The trigemino-thalamic tract is responsible for what?
Pain and temp from the face
*this tract descends 2-3 segments
What is the only muscle of mastication the opens the jaw?
Lateral Pterygoid *muscles of mastication = "TIME" muscles Temporalis Internal/medial pterygoid Masseter External/laterall pterygoid
The greatest input into the parasypmathetics come from what nucleus?
Nucleus Solitarius (CN VII, IX, and X) *this is why people eat when they are stressed
What spinal levels is the sympathetic ns?
T1-L2
Alpha receptors in the sympathetic ns respond best to…
Norepinephrine
*beta = epinephrine
Which receptors are known to be pseudomotor?
Muscurinic
*sweatglands, pilierector tissue
In the sympathetic ns, white fibers usually synapse on the sympathetic chain ganglion with the exception of one fiber which will go directly to the…
Adrenal medulla
Aqueous humor of the eye is made by…
Ciliary epithelium (in the ciliary bodies) *if ciliary epithelium isn't a choice, choose ciliary bodies.
The lens of the eye derives from…
Surface ectoderm
What comes in direct contact with the oval window?
Stapes
What are located inside of the oval window?
Hair cells AKA Organ of Corti AKA Spiral ganglion (CN XIII)
Smell pathway
Sensory neuron—-> cribiform plate of ethmois—-> olefactory bulb in frontal lobe (mitral cells)—-> olefactory radiations—-> uncus (inferior temporal lobe)
What is the name of the middle connection of the hippocampus?
Fornix
Which sinuses make up the confluence of sinuses?
Straight, occipital, and superior sagittal
Which cerebellar nuclei make up the interpose nuclei?
Globus and Emoliform
Which is the largest cerebellar nuclei?
Dentate nucleus
- From smallest to largest (4): “Flowers grow Every Day”
1. Fastrgial = spine
2. Globus = proximal joints (GH joint)
3. Emboliform = middle joints (Elbow)
4. Dentate = distal joints (DIPS)
AKA for the superior cerebellar peduncle?
Brachium conjunctivum
AKA for the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Restiform body
“rest your body on the inferior”
Which branchial arch does the tympanic membrane arise from?
1st
Which two canals does Reissner’s membrane of the cochlea separate?
The vestibular and cochlear canals
Which two canals does the basal membrane of the cochlea separate?
The tympanic canal and cochlear canal
Which membrane are the hair cells of the ear attached to?
Tentorial membrane
The posterior ethmoidal recess goes through which nasal meatus?
Superior
The nasolacrimal duct goes through which nasal meatus?
Inferior
What spinal ligament makes up the anterior portion of the vertebral canal?
PLL
From C2 the the occiput, the PLL is called the tectorial membrane/ligament AKA…
Membrane tectorum
In which spinal segments is the PLL the widest? A. Cervicals B. Thoracics C. Lumbars D. Sacrum
A. Cervicals
*thinnest in the lumbars
This is why we get more disc herniations in the lumbars
Which action causes the most damage to the discs?
Rotatory sheering
At what age do the discs become avascular?
~20 y/o
Calcification of which ligament causes an arcuate foramen (posterior ponty)?
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane/ligament
What is the only ligament that runs all the way from the sacrum to the occiput with out a name change?
Capsular ligament (facets)
Alar ligaments AKA?
Check ligaments
*They “check” head rotation (prevent hyper rotation)
Which suboccipital muscle inserts DIRECTLY into the meninges?
RCP minor
What spinal level are lumbar punctures/epidurals usually performed?
L4
The bottom part of the sacrum that doesn’t fuse is called…
Sacral cornu
Sacral anatomy that is homologous to the spine…
Transverse ridges = IVD’s
MediaN sacral crest = SP’s
Intermediate (aka medial) sacral crest = Articular pillars
Lateral sacral crest = TP’s
All sacral nerves are sympathetic except…
S2 - S4 pelvic splanchnic
How many articulations does the manubrium have?
7
*two for clavicle, two for the 2nd rib, two for the 3rd rib, and 1 for the xiphoid
What artery lies between the tubercle for the sclenus anticus and the sclenus medius?
Subclavian artery
*Subclavian vein lies anterior the the sclenus anticus
Canal shapes of vertebrae?
“TOT”
Cervical = triangular
Thoracic = oval
Lumbar = triangular
What causes the thoracic kyphosis?
Slightly wedged anterior bodies
KNOW THE FUCKING BOUNDARIES OF THE IVF’S!!!!!!!!
Anterior border (different in all 3 segments): Cervical = uncinates Thoracic = rib heads Lumbar = body of the disc
Posterior = articular facets (or pillars) Superior = pedicle (AKA vertebral notch) Inferior = pedicle (AKA vertebral notch)
KNOW THE FUCKING ANGLES OF THE INFERIOR FACETS!!!!!!!
"AIL AIM AIL" Cervical = anterior, inf, lateral Thoracic = anterior, inf, medial Lumbars = anterior, inf, lateral *It will be the exact opposite for the superior facets
What structures lie directly above and below the transverse scapular ligament?
Above = scapular artery
Below = suprascapular n.
*the scapular foramen “transverses” them ^^^
Both the short head of the biceps brachii and the corocobrachialis originate from the coracoid process. Which muscle INSERTS there?
Pec minor
At what muscle does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Teres major
What innervates the supinator muscle?
Radial n
Which muscle gets both median and ulnar innervation?
Flexor digitorum profundus
What nerve does cutaneous innervation to the lateral side of the forearm (elbow to wrist)
Lateral antibrachiocutaneous n
Fracture of the midshaft of the humerus will cause damage to what nerve? Surgical neck?
Midshaft = radial n
Surgical neck = axillary n
The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve innervates all hamstrings muscles except…
Short head of the biceps femoris (common peroneal/fibular)
Which nerve innervates the everters of the foot?
Superficial peroneal
*peroneus longus and brevis
What structures make up the striatum of the basal ganglia?
Cuadate and putamen
Function of the red nucleus?
Flexes shoulders and hips
Which vertebra is the apex of the lumbar spine?
L3
Body shape of vertebrae?
“CHEK”
Cervicals = circular
Thoracic = heart
Lumbar = kidney
What muscle elevates the first 4 ribs during inspiration?
Serratus Posterior Superior
*innervation = T1 - T4 Thoracic AKA Costal nerves
What muscle makes up the slope of the neck?
Traps
