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National Boards Part I > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

1st Branchial arch structures

A

Nerves: V3
Bones: Mandible, Malleus (“merkel’s cartilage), and incus (quadrate cartilage).
Muscles: Muscles of mastication & jaw closing muscles.

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2
Q

Apical dental ligament is a remnant of…

A

The notocord

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3
Q

The epimeric division of the mytome gives rise to…

A

Extensor muscles

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4
Q

The hypomeric division of the mytome gives rise to…

A

Flexor muscles

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5
Q

What is the most common nerve type in the nervous system?

A

Multipolar (motor)

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6
Q

All back muscles that are innervated by nerves that come off of the brachial plexus are considered to be…

A

Ventral primary rami

ex: rhomboids = dorsal scapular n.

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7
Q

The facets are innervated by…

A

Dorsal primary rami (medial branch)

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8
Q

Aka for lower motor neuron?

A

Final common pathway

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9
Q

What is the name of the floor of the floor of the fourth ventricle?

A

Obex

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10
Q

The metencephalon gives rise to which ventricle?

A

4th (THE ROOF ONLY)

*the floor (obex) comes from the myelencephalon)

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11
Q

2nd branchial arch structures

A

Nerve: VII
Bone: stapes, inferior cornu of hyoid bone, styloid process
Muscle: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. digastric.

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12
Q

3rd branchial arch structures

A

Nerve: IX
Bones: Body of hyoid, greater cornu
Muscle: stylopharyngeus

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13
Q

4th and 6th branchial arches

A

Nerve: X
Bones: Laryngeal cartilage
Muscle: Cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, larynx mm

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14
Q

Telencephalon derivatives

A

Cortex/basal ganglion
CN: I
Ventricle: Lateral ventricles

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15
Q

Diencephalon derivatives

A

“Thalamus shit”
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland)
CN: II
Ventricle: 3rd

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16
Q

Mesencephalon derivatives

A

Midbrain
CN: III and IV
Ventricle: Aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct)

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17
Q

Metencephalon derivatives

A

Pons and Cerebellum
CN: V - VIII
Ventricle: Roof of the 4th

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18
Q

Myelencephalon derivatives

A

Medulla
CN: IX - XII
Ventricle: Floor of the 4th (known as the “Obex”

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19
Q

What two hormones are responsible for maintaining threshold in an action potential?

A

PTH and Calcitonin

*Due to their affect on calcium

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20
Q

VPM of the thalamus is responsible for…

A

Sensory to the face

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21
Q

VPL of the thalamus is responsible for…

A

Sensory to the arms and legs

*This is where the dorsal columns go to from the cuneate and gracilis (hence sensory to arms and legs)

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22
Q

Lateral geniculate of the thalamus is responsible for…

A

Sensory to the eyes
*geniculates give signal to structures OPPOSITE of where they are. i.e the medial will give sensory to the ears. TA DA!!!!

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23
Q

The lentiform of the basal ganglia is made up of what two structures?

A

The globus pallidus and putamen

* The two “P’s”

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24
Q

Meissner’s and auerbach’s plexuses allow for…

A

Peristalsis
*derived from neural crest cells
If somebody is born w/o these two plexi = Hirscprung’s disease

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25
Q

Damage to the posterior cerebellar artery will result in which syndrome?

A

Wallenberg syndrome

*ipsilateral loss of pain and temp to face, contralateral loss to the body

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26
Q

AKA for the confluence of sinuses?

A

Torculus herophilus

*located at the inion

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27
Q

That lateral ventricles are separated by which structure?

A

Septum pellucidum (separates left and right ventricles)

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28
Q

Damage to the venous system will result in what type of hemorrhage?

A

Subdural

*It will come on 7-10 days later.

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29
Q

A Beri aneurysm in the circle of Willis will cause what type of hemorrhage?

A

Subarachnoid

*Full, intense headache. “Like I got hit with a baseball bat.” But no trauma actually involved.

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30
Q

Rubrospinal tract fx?

A

Proximal flexors of upper and lower extremity

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31
Q

Reticulospinal tract fx?

A

Extensors of the back and arms

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32
Q

Tectospinal tract fx?

A

Neck muscles and reflex to light

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33
Q

Vestibulospinal tract fx?

A

Extensors of the legs
Motor to the eyes (III, IV, VI) via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
*Fun fact: when we ask patients to turn their heads left and right when performing a leg check, its coming from the vestibulospinal tract in the cerebellum. ( cerebellum—–> anterior horn——-> gamma motor neurons——-> intrafusal fibers for TONE!!!)

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34
Q

Lateral and ventral corticospinal tract fx?

A 
Lateral = flexors of DISTAL extremities (rubrospinal does proximal)
Ventral = flexors of trunk
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35
Q

Alpha motor neurons (synapse sight for lower motor neurons) AKA?

A

Final Common Pathway

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36
Q

AKA for Rexed lamina II & VII?

A 
II = Tract of Lissauer AKA Substantia Gelatinosa
VII = Nucleus Dorsalis of Clark
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37
Q

Corse of the spinothalamic tract?

A

Receptor (free nerve endings)—-> nerve—-> DRG—-> Lamina II—-> decussates @ Lamina VII—-> travels up to the contralateral VPL(thalamus) —-> cortex (post-central gyrus)

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38
Q

Corse of the dorsal columns?

A

Receptor (pacinian- Ab fibers)—-> fasciculus gracilis or cuneatus—-> up to the medulla—-> decussated @ the MEDIAL LEMNISCUS—-> contralateral VPL—- cortex (post-central gyrus)

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39
Q

Muscle spindles are what fiber type?

A

1a

*spindle for stretch

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40
Q

Golgi tendon organ are what type of fibers?

A

1b

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41
Q

In the spino-olivary tract, connection to the inferior cerebellar peduncle from the inferior olivary nucleus happens by way of what type of fibers?

A

Climbing fibers

42
Q

The facial nerve turns into what nerve in the middle ear?

A

Chorae tympani

*runs through the stylomastoid foramen

43
Q

AKA for trigeminal ganglion?

A

Gasserian ganglion

*means “thread-like”

44
Q

The trigemino-thalamic tract is responsible for what?

A

Pain and temp from the face

*this tract descends 2-3 segments

45
Q

What is the only muscle of mastication the opens the jaw?

A 
Lateral Pterygoid 
*muscles of mastication = "TIME" muscles
Temporalis
Internal/medial pterygoid
Masseter
External/laterall pterygoid
46
Q

The greatest input into the parasypmathetics come from what nucleus?

A 
Nucleus Solitarius (CN VII, IX, and X)
*this is why people eat when they are stressed
47
Q

What spinal levels is the sympathetic ns?

A

T1-L2

48
Q

Alpha receptors in the sympathetic ns respond best to…

A

Norepinephrine

*beta = epinephrine

49
Q

Which receptors are known to be pseudomotor?

A

Muscurinic

*sweatglands, pilierector tissue

50
Q

In the sympathetic ns, white fibers usually synapse on the sympathetic chain ganglion with the exception of one fiber which will go directly to the…

A

Adrenal medulla

51
Q

Aqueous humor of the eye is made by…

A 
Ciliary epithelium (in the ciliary bodies)
*if ciliary epithelium isn't a choice, choose ciliary bodies.
52
Q

The lens of the eye derives from…

A

Surface ectoderm

53
Q

What comes in direct contact with the oval window?

A

Stapes

54
Q

What are located inside of the oval window?

A

Hair cells AKA Organ of Corti AKA Spiral ganglion (CN XIII)

55
Q

Smell pathway

A

Sensory neuron—-> cribiform plate of ethmois—-> olefactory bulb in frontal lobe (mitral cells)—-> olefactory radiations—-> uncus (inferior temporal lobe)

56
Q

What is the name of the middle connection of the hippocampus?

A

Fornix

57
Q

Which sinuses make up the confluence of sinuses?

A

Straight, occipital, and superior sagittal

58
Q

Which cerebellar nuclei make up the interpose nuclei?

A

Globus and Emoliform

59
Q

Which is the largest cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate nucleus

  • From smallest to largest (4): “Flowers grow Every Day”
    1. Fastrgial = spine
    2. Globus = proximal joints (GH joint)
    3. Emboliform = middle joints (Elbow)
    4. Dentate = distal joints (DIPS)
60
Q

AKA for the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Brachium conjunctivum

61
Q

AKA for the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Restiform body

“rest your body on the inferior”

62
Q

Which branchial arch does the tympanic membrane arise from?

A

1st

63
Q

Which two canals does Reissner’s membrane of the cochlea separate?

A

The vestibular and cochlear canals

64
Q

Which two canals does the basal membrane of the cochlea separate?

A

The tympanic canal and cochlear canal

65
Q

Which membrane are the hair cells of the ear attached to?

A

Tentorial membrane

66
Q

The posterior ethmoidal recess goes through which nasal meatus?

A

Superior

67
Q

The nasolacrimal duct goes through which nasal meatus?

A

Inferior

68
Q

What spinal ligament makes up the anterior portion of the vertebral canal?

A

PLL

69
Q

From C2 the the occiput, the PLL is called the tectorial membrane/ligament AKA…

A

Membrane tectorum

70
Q 
In which spinal segments is the PLL the widest?
A. Cervicals
B. Thoracics
C. Lumbars
D. Sacrum
A

A. Cervicals
*thinnest in the lumbars
This is why we get more disc herniations in the lumbars

71
Q

Which action causes the most damage to the discs?

A

Rotatory sheering

72
Q

At what age do the discs become avascular?

A

~20 y/o

73
Q

Calcification of which ligament causes an arcuate foramen (posterior ponty)?

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane/ligament

74
Q

What is the only ligament that runs all the way from the sacrum to the occiput with out a name change?

A

Capsular ligament (facets)

75
Q

Alar ligaments AKA?

A

Check ligaments

*They “check” head rotation (prevent hyper rotation)

76
Q

Which suboccipital muscle inserts DIRECTLY into the meninges?

A

RCP minor

77
Q

What spinal level are lumbar punctures/epidurals usually performed?

A

L4

78
Q

The bottom part of the sacrum that doesn’t fuse is called…

A

Sacral cornu

79
Q

Sacral anatomy that is homologous to the spine…

A

Transverse ridges = IVD’s
MediaN sacral crest = SP’s
Intermediate (aka medial) sacral crest = Articular pillars
Lateral sacral crest = TP’s

80
Q

All sacral nerves are sympathetic except…

A

S2 - S4 pelvic splanchnic

81
Q

How many articulations does the manubrium have?

A

7

*two for clavicle, two for the 2nd rib, two for the 3rd rib, and 1 for the xiphoid

82
Q

What artery lies between the tubercle for the sclenus anticus and the sclenus medius?

A

Subclavian artery

*Subclavian vein lies anterior the the sclenus anticus

83
Q

Canal shapes of vertebrae?

A

“TOT”
Cervical = triangular
Thoracic = oval
Lumbar = triangular

84
Q

What causes the thoracic kyphosis?

A

Slightly wedged anterior bodies

85
Q

KNOW THE FUCKING BOUNDARIES OF THE IVF’S!!!!!!!!

A 
Anterior border (different in all 3 segments): 
Cervical = uncinates 
Thoracic = rib heads
Lumbar = body of the disc
Posterior = articular facets (or pillars)
Superior = pedicle (AKA vertebral notch)
Inferior = pedicle (AKA vertebral notch)
86
Q

KNOW THE FUCKING ANGLES OF THE INFERIOR FACETS!!!!!!!

A 
"AIL AIM AIL"
Cervical = anterior, inf, lateral
Thoracic = anterior, inf, medial 
Lumbars = anterior, inf, lateral
*It will be the exact opposite for the superior facets
87
Q

What structures lie directly above and below the transverse scapular ligament?

A

Above = scapular artery
Below = suprascapular n.
*the scapular foramen “transverses” them ^^^

88
Q

Both the short head of the biceps brachii and the corocobrachialis originate from the coracoid process. Which muscle INSERTS there?

A

Pec minor

89
Q

At what muscle does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Teres major

90
Q

What innervates the supinator muscle?

A

Radial n

91
Q

Which muscle gets both median and ulnar innervation?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

92
Q

What nerve does cutaneous innervation to the lateral side of the forearm (elbow to wrist)

A

Lateral antibrachiocutaneous n

93
Q

Fracture of the midshaft of the humerus will cause damage to what nerve? Surgical neck?

A

Midshaft = radial n

Surgical neck = axillary n

94
Q

The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve innervates all hamstrings muscles except…

A

Short head of the biceps femoris (common peroneal/fibular)

95
Q

Which nerve innervates the everters of the foot?

A

Superficial peroneal

*peroneus longus and brevis

96
Q

What structures make up the striatum of the basal ganglia?

A

Cuadate and putamen

97
Q

Function of the red nucleus?

A

Flexes shoulders and hips

98
Q

Which vertebra is the apex of the lumbar spine?

A

L3

99
Q

Body shape of vertebrae?

A

“CHEK”
Cervicals = circular
Thoracic = heart
Lumbar = kidney

100
Q

What muscle elevates the first 4 ribs during inspiration?

A

Serratus Posterior Superior

*innervation = T1 - T4 Thoracic AKA Costal nerves

101
Q

What muscle makes up the slope of the neck?

A

Traps

National Boards Part I (5 decks)

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