Biochem Flashcards
All amino acids are in the “L” form except…
Glycine
*glycine does not contain a chiral carbon (asymmetric carbon)
Define amphoteric
Something that can act as an acid or a base
*all amino acids are amphoteric
What is the mnemonic for all of the essential amino acids?
PVT TIM HALL
P = phenyalanine V = valine T = tryptophan
T = threonine I = isoleucine M = methionine
H = histidine A = arginine L = leucine L = lysine
*histidine is essential in children but not adults
Which AA are purely ketogenic?
Lysine and Leucine
*ketogenic = the ability to be degraded directly into Acetyl CoA.
Which AA are BOTH ketogenic and glucogenic?
"PITTT"
P = phenylalanine
I = isoleucine
T = tryptophan
T = threonine
T = tyrosine (not an essential AA)Which are the aromatic AA?
Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine
“PTT”
Which are the sulfur containing AA?
Methionine, cysteine, and cystine
cystine = 2 cysteines linked together
Which are known as the basic AA?
Histidine, arginine, lysine
“HAL is a “basic” guy”
*The “L” in HAL can’t be leucine because that’s one of our branched chained AA.
Which are the acidic AA?
Aspartate and glutamate
Which are the branched-chain AA?
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine
*inability to break these down = Maple Syrup Urine Disease
A deficiency if which enzyme will result in PKU?
Phenylalanine hydroxalase
*can’t convert phenylalanine into tryptophan
What is the immediate precursor to melanin?
L-Dopa
*Tyrosine——-> L-Dopa——-> Melanin
Which AA is responsible for the production of catecholamines?
Tyrosine
*Tyrosine——> L-Dopa——> Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Which AA is responsible for the production of histamine?
Histidine
*Histidine—–> Histamine
Tryptophan must be converted to ___________ before melatonin can be produced?
Serotonin
*Tryptophan——> Serotonin——-> Melatonin
Hemoglobin is an example of which protein structure? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary
D. Quaternary
*two or more polypeptide chains held together by H+ and disulphide bonds
Which of these protein structures is characterized by folding one polypeptide chain? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary
C. Tertiary
*ex: myoglobin held together by disulfide bonds
Which of these protein structures is characterized by alpha helices and beta pleated sheets held together by H+ bonds? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary
B. Secondary
*ex: DNA
Which of these protein structures is characterized by a linear sequence of AA? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary
A. Primary
*peptide bond
T or F? the Km and Affinity of an enzyme have a direct relationship.
F
*inverse relationship ( Low Km = High Affinity for substrate)
T or F? Competitive inhibitors will cause an increase in Km and 0 change in the Vmax.
T
*non-competitive will decrease the Vmax and 0 change to Km
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is responsible for what type of reaction?
Decarboxylation (removing a carbon)
* Deficiency causes wet and dry beri beri.
Vitamins B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (niacin) are responsible for what type of reactions?
Oxidation/Reduction reactions
*Deficiency of B2 = cheilosis AKA angular stomatitis - cracking/inflammation on corners of mouth
Deficiency of B3 = pellagra (4 D’s)
B6 (pyridoxine) is involved in what type of reaction?
Transamination (turing amino acids into ketoacids and visa versa)
“My Trans Am has a B6 engine”
Which B vitamins are made by gut flora?
B6 and B7 (according to Irene)
B7 (Biotin) is involved in what type of reaction?
Carboxylation (adding a carbon)
Which B vitamin is responsible for DNA and RNA synthesis?
B9 (folic acid)
* Deficiency = megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida (neural tube defect)
Vitamin C is mainly responsible for…
Collagen synthesis
* Deficiency = Scurvy (bleeding gums). Brussel sprouts = highest source of vit C.
How many ATP do we net in the ETC?
~ 36 ATP
What are the 4 complexes AKA’s in the ETC?
Complex 1 = NADH Dehydrogenase
Complex 2 = Succinate Dehydrogenase
Complex 3 = C Reductase
Complex 4 = C Oxidase
ATP is created along the ________ gradient in the ETC.
Protein gradient
