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National Boards Part I > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

All amino acids are in the “L” form except…

A

Glycine

*glycine does not contain a chiral carbon (asymmetric carbon)

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2
Q

Define amphoteric

A

Something that can act as an acid or a base

*all amino acids are amphoteric

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3
Q

What is the mnemonic for all of the essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL
P = phenyalanine V = valine T = tryptophan
T = threonine I = isoleucine M = methionine
H = histidine A = arginine L = leucine L = lysine
*histidine is essential in children but not adults

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4
Q

Which AA are purely ketogenic?

A

Lysine and Leucine

*ketogenic = the ability to be degraded directly into Acetyl CoA.

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5
Q

Which AA are BOTH ketogenic and glucogenic?

A 
"PITTT"
P = phenylalanine 
I  = isoleucine 
T = tryptophan 
T = threonine 
                        T = tyrosine (not an essential AA)
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6
Q

Which are the aromatic AA?

A

Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine

“PTT”

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7
Q

Which are the sulfur containing AA?

A

Methionine, cysteine, and cystine

cystine = 2 cysteines linked together

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8
Q

Which are known as the basic AA?

A

Histidine, arginine, lysine
“HAL is a “basic” guy”
*The “L” in HAL can’t be leucine because that’s one of our branched chained AA.

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9
Q

Which are the acidic AA?

A

Aspartate and glutamate

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10
Q

Which are the branched-chain AA?

A

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine

*inability to break these down = Maple Syrup Urine Disease

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11
Q

A deficiency if which enzyme will result in PKU?

A

Phenylalanine hydroxalase

*can’t convert phenylalanine into tryptophan

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12
Q

What is the immediate precursor to melanin?

A

L-Dopa

*Tyrosine——-> L-Dopa——-> Melanin

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13
Q

Which AA is responsible for the production of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine

*Tyrosine——> L-Dopa——> Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Which AA is responsible for the production of histamine?

A

Histidine

*Histidine—–> Histamine

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15
Q

Tryptophan must be converted to ___________ before melatonin can be produced?

A

Serotonin

*Tryptophan——> Serotonin——-> Melatonin

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16
Q 
Hemoglobin is an example of which protein structure?
A. Primary 
B. Secondary 
C. Tertiary 
D. Quaternary
A

D. Quaternary

*two or more polypeptide chains held together by H+ and disulphide bonds

17
Q 
Which of these protein structures is characterized by folding one polypeptide chain?
A. Primary 
B. Secondary 
C. Tertiary 
D. Quaternary
A

C. Tertiary

*ex: myoglobin held together by disulfide bonds

18
Q 
Which of these protein structures is characterized by alpha helices and beta pleated sheets held together by H+ bonds?
A. Primary 
B. Secondary 
C. Tertiary 
D. Quaternary
A

B. Secondary

*ex: DNA

19
Q 
Which of these protein structures is characterized by a linear sequence of AA?
A. Primary 
B. Secondary 
C. Tertiary 
D. Quaternary
A

A. Primary

*peptide bond

20
Q

T or F? the Km and Affinity of an enzyme have a direct relationship.

A

F

*inverse relationship ( Low Km = High Affinity for substrate)

21
Q

T or F? Competitive inhibitors will cause an increase in Km and 0 change in the Vmax.

A

T

*non-competitive will decrease the Vmax and 0 change to Km

22
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is responsible for what type of reaction?

A

Decarboxylation (removing a carbon)

* Deficiency causes wet and dry beri beri.

23
Q

Vitamins B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (niacin) are responsible for what type of reactions?

A

Oxidation/Reduction reactions
*Deficiency of B2 = cheilosis AKA angular stomatitis - cracking/inflammation on corners of mouth
Deficiency of B3 = pellagra (4 D’s)

24
Q

B6 (pyridoxine) is involved in what type of reaction?

A

Transamination (turing amino acids into ketoacids and visa versa)
“My Trans Am has a B6 engine”

25
Q

Which B vitamins are made by gut flora?

A

B6 and B7 (according to Irene)

26
Q

B7 (Biotin) is involved in what type of reaction?

A

Carboxylation (adding a carbon)

27
Q

Which B vitamin is responsible for DNA and RNA synthesis?

A

B9 (folic acid)

* Deficiency = megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida (neural tube defect)

28
Q

Vitamin C is mainly responsible for…

A

Collagen synthesis

* Deficiency = Scurvy (bleeding gums). Brussel sprouts = highest source of vit C.

29
Q

How many ATP do we net in the ETC?

A

~ 36 ATP

30
Q

What are the 4 complexes AKA’s in the ETC?

A

Complex 1 = NADH Dehydrogenase
Complex 2 = Succinate Dehydrogenase
Complex 3 = C Reductase
Complex 4 = C Oxidase

31
Q

ATP is created along the ________ gradient in the ETC.

A

Protein gradient

National Boards Part I (5 decks)

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