SPI: Principles & Instrumentation Flashcards by R L

Increasing _________ removes low amplitude signals in noise from the image.

INCREASING REJECTION!

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While scanning an echo, you change the gray map to a new choice and continue to scan. This would be termed a change in ___________

Pre or post processing?

PREPROCESSING -NEW -BEFORE

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What correctly describes an amplifier?
Each returning reflection is made
_______/larger for additional processing and storage

STRONGER

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2D image is composed of:
Pixels or bits?

PIXELS

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3D image if composed of:

Voxels

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An amplifier gain of 20dB=

100

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What transducer component reduces the sensitivity and efficiency of the ultrasound system?

Matching layer or damping?

Damping material

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What system control will simultaneously enhance FAR FIELD echoes in diminished Near field echoes?

Overall gain or TGC?

TGC = enhance far field

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If you are performing an abdominal exam, but inadvertently select the carotid preset on the machine, how will this affect your exam?

Depth setting will be very ______

Depth settings will be very superficial, causing potential non-visualization of the abdominal structures

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Harmonic frequencies are generated: as the sound travels through the _______

As the sound wave travels through the medium

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List the parts of the beam former in the order they function to produce and receive sound waves:

Pulser, pulse delays, transmit/receive switch, amplifier, a-d converter, echo delays, summer

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What part of the ultrasound system is responsible for changing the PRF with changes in the imaging depth?

PULSER

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The gray scale map is adjusted to a new map just after freezing that image. This is an example of?

Applying post processing

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Contrast resolution = dynamic range/# of shades

If the dynamic range is 64 dB and there are 32 shades, contrast resolution is:

Contrast resolution =
64dB/32 shades of gray= 2dB/shade

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What part of the ultrasound system is responsible for changing the element function back-and-forth from transmit to receive?

Beam former
-back and forth
-Transmit/receive

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When using virtual beamforming, the ultrasound beam is described as: ______-thin

Laser-thin

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What system functions converts the receives signals from radio frequency from the amplitude form?

Demodulation or detection converts the received signal from radio frequency, form to amplitude form (video form)

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What is the best way to increase beam penetration?

Decreasing transducer operating frequency, will increase beam penetration

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The vertical axis on the M-mode display represents the

Depth of the reflector

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The horizontal axis on the m-mode represents the ________

Time

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What operator control can be used to adjust the image contrast?

Dynamic range/compression

Adjust the range of grays displayed on the image this changes, the contrast level of the image

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What is the primary difference between virtual beamforming and traditional pulse Echo imaging?

Virtual beamforming does not use transmit, focusing like pulse Echo imaging

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In radiology imaging department, what does PAC stand for?

Picture, archival and communication system

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True or false? Reducing grading lobe and side lobe artifacts relates to tissue harmonic imaging.

True

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If you increase the sector angle from 45 to 90° and reduce line density by 50%, what happens to frame rate?

Unchanged

Amplification of the received signal occurs in the

Beam former

What is the type of post processing that assigns shades of color, instead of gray, to create the image?

B color= post processing

When evaluating heavily calcified arteries, what system setting should be increased to improve the demonstration of flow in the vessels?

Persistence and sensitivity

As more reflections occur with reverberation, they each become _________ and are placed_____on the image.

Weaker , deeper on image

What portion of the TGC curve is the deepest region attenuation compensation can occur?

Knee

The cine function on ultrasound system:

Type of post processing

Focusing of the transmitted and received beam occurs in the:

Beam former

The imaging that is increased, and temporal resolution is degraded. Which of the following consul adjustments can improve the temporal resolution? Reduce_______ size

Reduce sector size

B-mode display is termed:

Brightness mode 🔅

When scanning using harmonic imaging, the second harmonic frequency is 10 MHZ. What is the fundamental frequency?

5MHz The second harmonic frequency is 2X the fundamental frequency.

What system control should be turned off when attempting to demonstrate posterior shadowing from a renal or biliary stone?

Spatial compounding -Reduces the appearance of posterior shadowing and enhancement.

When the image is frozen, an ellipses can be used to measure the ________ of structure

AREA of structure

Bandpass filtering is a function performed in the:

Signal processor

A 4 bit memory will be how many shades?

16 shades= 4 bits 2x2x2x2= 16

What is the correct a listing for the number 28 as a binary number?

011100 Explain

The amount of compensation necessary for different echoes varies with reflector:

Depth

Increasing the number of bits per pixel in an image of memory will improve the:

Contrast resolution

What instrument controls does the sonographer used to adjust the amplitude of a reflected, sound wave?

Receiver gain -impacts amplitude

Increasing the frequency improves ______, _____, and ______

Axial, resolution, lateral resolution, and beam width

Even and odd harmonic frequencies are created by:

Non-linear sound waves

While scanning, soft tissue, the reflected wave return to the transducer in 0.05msec. How far away is the reflector?

0.4cm

What system components converge the scanline data into image format for display?

Image processor Convert the scanline data into image format for display in storage

Apodization is a function of the: Beam former or image former?

Beam former

Increasing the edge enhancement setting will : Increase image contrast, or improve contrast resolution?

Increase image contrast

Edge enhancement , pixel, interpolation, persistence, and 3-D image acquisition are all types of: preprocessing or post processing?

PREPROCESSING -before! -edge enhancement -pixel interpolation -persistence

What dimension of the mass is being measured on this image?

Width

If the sonographer decreases the image death, how will affect the pulse repetition frequency?

Increase PRF increase, depth decrease

What component of the Beam former protects the sensitivity circuitry of amplifier? Transmit/receiver switch or transducer?

Transmit/receiver switch

Activation of B-color is used to improve: Contrast resolution, or temporal resolution?

Contrast resolution

An amplifier gain of 3dB=

And advantage of virtual beamforming over traditional pulse Echo instrumentation is

No transmit focusing is needed

The grayscale map is adjusted to a new map just before to freezing the image. This is an example of? Applying post processing, or pre-processing?

Before= preprocessing

Increasing __________ will improve detail resolution, the most on the lateral side of the image. Line density or image death?

Line density -By using more scanline= more detail

Increasing the sector size, increases: The number of pulses per image or frame rate?

The number of pulses per image

Contrast resolution is calculated by dividing the dynamic range by the

Number of shades of gray

If an ellipses used to document the circumference of a structure, what unit is used?

In order to improve spatial resolution, and the signal to noise, ratio ________ uses frequency modulation to manipulate the transmitted beam

Coded excitation

What image controls is used to counteract beam attenuation?

TGC

If you increase the sector angle from 45 to 90° and no other consul changes are made, what happens to frame rate?

It is reduced to 1/2 the original frame rate

What is a primary factor in determining the frame rate of an ultrasound system? Propagation speed in soft tissue or output power

Propagation, speed, and soft tissue

What system controls reduces noise and smooth the image using frame average?

Persistence Low levels are necessary for fast moving structures

What techniques described as a graphic representation of motion of the structure over time? B color or m-mode?

M-mode

What is the function of the signal processor?

Filtering and compression Demodulation

What causes range ambiguity artifact? Refraction or high PRF

High PRF Range ambiguity is related with shallow depth settings. Decreasing the PRS and increasing imaging depth can reduce this artifact.

If the input power is 0.5mW and the output power is 500mW. What is the gain?

40dB

What system component is responsible for 3-D image acquisition, and presentation? Beam former or image processor?

Image processor -Responsible for pre-processing, post processing, storing images, grayscale maps, color, Maps, 3-D image acquisition, presentation, digital to analog conversion

To increase the amplitude of the ultrasound post produced by the transducer:

The voltage amplitude from the pulser increases

What best describes the difference between 3-D ultrasound imaging in 4D ultrasound imaging?

4D imaging provides real time display of 3-D images

What will improve contrast resolution? Coded excitation or decreasing frequency?

Coded excitation

What technique can improve contrast resolution to aid in the visualization of an isoechoic mass? Turn on harmonic imaging or decrease the number of focal zones?

Turn on harmonic imaging

Two Main reasons the reflected signals must undergo compression is:

Range of reflected signals exceeds the ability of the system to process and display that many signals, and it is important to maintain grayscale within range of human vision

What is the period for a 5MHZ transducer?

Period= 1/freq 1/5MHz= 0.2

Spatial compounding= can ______ the appearance of useful artifacts, such as enhancement and shadowing.

Can decrease the appearance of useful artifact, such as enhancement and shadowing.

If the sonographer increases the size of the field of view, the frame rate will:

Decrease

What can change the image data displayed on an archived exam?

Change the gray map used to create image

A disadvantage of increasing edge enhancement is: Reduces beam penetration or amplifies echoes related to noise and spackle?

Amplifies echoes related to noise and speckle

The contrast resolution for system with 4 bit memory and 32 dynamic range?

What correctly describes m-mode?

Uses a very high sampling rate

What control affects the power of the beam? Swept gain or transmit gain?

Transmit gain

_________ is the predominant factor causing attenuation of the beam, and this can be counteracted by ________.

sound absorption= predominant factor causing attenuation Increasing the TGC settings for the far Field

_________ the process that is performed in a beam former where the output voltage is varied to decrease the formation of lobe artifacts

Apodization

The strength of the received, Echo determines the _________on the display

Brightness of the pixel= strength

When harmonic imaging is turned on, it primarily improves ________ resolution

Lateral resolution-harmonic imaging

What consul setting can be changed to adjust the propagation speed of a transverse wave? Imaging depth, or none of the above

None

Demodulation is only necessary, when

A television monitors used to display the image

_________ can be used to reduce image, noise and clutter on the 2-D image

Spatial compounding

What correctly describes dynamic receive focusing? A function of the pulser, or allows focusing at multiple depths on the image ?

Multiple depths = dynamic receive

If a reflector is 5cm from the transducer, how long will it take a post to reach it?

0.03msec

What system control, adjust the number of gray levels in the image to maintain the grayscale within the range of the human vision?

Compression