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Physics 1 > SPI: Principles & Instrumentation > Flashcards

SPI: Principles & Instrumentation Flashcards

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1
Q

Increasing _________ removes low amplitude signals in noise from the image.

A

INCREASING REJECTION!

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2
Q

While scanning an echo, you change the gray map to a new choice and continue to scan. This would be termed a change in ___________

Pre or post processing?

A

PREPROCESSING -NEW -BEFORE

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3
Q

What correctly describes an amplifier?
Each returning reflection is made
_______/larger for additional processing and storage

A

STRONGER

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4
Q

2D image is composed of:
Pixels or bits?

A

PIXELS

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5
Q

3D image if composed of:

A

Voxels

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6
Q

An amplifier gain of 20dB=

A

100

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7
Q

What transducer component reduces the sensitivity and efficiency of the ultrasound system?

Matching layer or damping?

A

Damping material

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8
Q

What system control will simultaneously enhance FAR FIELD echoes in diminished Near field echoes?

Overall gain or TGC?

A

TGC = enhance far field

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9
Q

If you are performing an abdominal exam, but inadvertently select the carotid preset on the machine, how will this affect your exam?

Depth setting will be very ______

A

Depth settings will be very superficial, causing potential non-visualization of the abdominal structures

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10
Q

Harmonic frequencies are generated: as the sound travels through the _______

A

As the sound wave travels through the medium

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11
Q

List the parts of the beam former in the order they function to produce and receive sound waves:

A

Pulser, pulse delays, transmit/receive switch, amplifier, a-d converter, echo delays, summer

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12
Q

What part of the ultrasound system is responsible for changing the PRF with changes in the imaging depth?

A

PULSER

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13
Q

The gray scale map is adjusted to a new map just after freezing that image. This is an example of?

A

Applying post processing

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14
Q

Contrast resolution = dynamic range/# of shades

If the dynamic range is 64 dB and there are 32 shades, contrast resolution is:

A

Contrast resolution =
64dB/32 shades of gray= 2dB/shade

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15
Q

What part of the ultrasound system is responsible for changing the element function back-and-forth from transmit to receive?

A

Beam former
-back and forth
-Transmit/receive

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16
Q

When using virtual beamforming, the ultrasound beam is described as: ______-thin

A

Laser-thin

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17
Q

What system functions converts the receives signals from radio frequency from the amplitude form?

A

Demodulation or detection converts the received signal from radio frequency, form to amplitude form (video form)

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18
Q

What is the best way to increase beam penetration?

A

Decreasing transducer operating frequency, will increase beam penetration

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19
Q

The vertical axis on the M-mode display represents the

A

Depth of the reflector

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20
Q

The horizontal axis on the m-mode represents the ________

A

Time

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21
Q

What operator control can be used to adjust the image contrast?

A

Dynamic range/compression

Adjust the range of grays displayed on the image this changes, the contrast level of the image

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22
Q

What is the primary difference between virtual beamforming and traditional pulse Echo imaging?

A

Virtual beamforming does not use transmit, focusing like pulse Echo imaging

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23
Q

In radiology imaging department, what does PAC stand for?

A

Picture, archival and communication system

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24
Q

True or false? Reducing grading lobe and side lobe artifacts relates to tissue harmonic imaging.

A

True

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25
Q

If you increase the sector angle from 45 to 90° and reduce line density by 50%, what happens to frame rate?

A

Unchanged

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26
Q

Amplification of the received signal occurs in the

A

Beam former

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27
Q

What is the type of post processing that assigns shades of color, instead of gray, to create the image?

A

B color= post processing

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28
Q

When evaluating heavily calcified arteries, what system setting should be increased to improve the demonstration of flow in the vessels?

A

Persistence and sensitivity

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29
Q

As more reflections occur with reverberation, they each become _________ and are placed_____on the image.

A

Weaker , deeper on image

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30
Q

What portion of the TGC curve is the deepest region attenuation compensation can occur?

A

Knee

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31
Q

The cine function on ultrasound system:

A

Type of post processing

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32
Q

Focusing of the transmitted and received beam occurs in the:

A

Beam former

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33
Q

The imaging that is increased, and temporal resolution is degraded. Which of the following consul adjustments can improve the temporal resolution? Reduce_______ size

A

Reduce sector size

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34
Q

B-mode display is termed:

A

Brightness mode 🔅

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35
Q

When scanning using harmonic imaging, the second harmonic frequency is 10 MHZ. What is the fundamental frequency?

A

5MHz
The second harmonic frequency is 2X the fundamental frequency.

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36
Q

What system control should be turned off when attempting to demonstrate posterior shadowing from a renal or biliary stone?

A

Spatial compounding
-Reduces the appearance of posterior shadowing and enhancement.

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37
Q

When the image is frozen, an ellipses can be used to measure the ________ of structure

A

AREA of structure

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38
Q

Bandpass filtering is a function performed in the:

A

Signal processor

39
Q

A 4 bit memory will be how many shades?

A

16 shades= 4 bits
2x2x2x2= 16

40
Q

What is the correct a listing for the number 28 as a binary number?

A

011100

Explain

41
Q

The amount of compensation necessary for different echoes varies with reflector:

A

Depth

42
Q

Increasing the number of bits per pixel in an image of memory will improve the:

A

Contrast resolution

43
Q

What instrument controls does the sonographer used to adjust the amplitude of a reflected, sound wave?

A

Receiver gain
-impacts amplitude

44
Q

Increasing the frequency improves ______, _____, and ______

A

Axial, resolution, lateral resolution, and beam width

45
Q

Even and odd harmonic frequencies are created by:

A

Non-linear sound waves

46
Q

While scanning, soft tissue, the reflected wave return to the transducer in 0.05msec. How far away is the reflector?

A

0.4cm

47
Q

What system components converge the scanline data into image format for display?

A

Image processor
Convert the scanline data into image format for display in storage

48
Q

Apodization is a function of the:

Beam former or image former?

A

Beam former

49
Q

Increasing the edge enhancement setting will :

Increase image contrast, or improve contrast resolution?

A

Increase image contrast

50
Q

Edge enhancement , pixel, interpolation, persistence, and 3-D image acquisition are all types of: preprocessing or post processing?

A

PREPROCESSING
-before!
-edge enhancement
-pixel interpolation
-persistence

51
Q

What dimension of the mass is being measured on this image?

A

Width

52
Q

If the sonographer decreases the image death, how will affect the pulse repetition frequency?

A

Increase

PRF increase, depth decrease

53
Q

What component of the Beam former protects the sensitivity circuitry of amplifier?

Transmit/receiver switch or transducer?

A

Transmit/receiver switch

54
Q

Activation of B-color is used to improve:

Contrast resolution, or temporal resolution?

A

Contrast resolution

55
Q

An amplifier gain of 3dB=

A

2

56
Q

And advantage of virtual beamforming over traditional pulse Echo instrumentation is

A

No transmit focusing is needed

57
Q

The grayscale map is adjusted to a new map just before to freezing the image. This is an example of?

Applying post processing, or pre-processing?

A

Before= preprocessing

58
Q

Increasing __________ will improve detail resolution, the most on the lateral side of the image.

Line density or image death?

A

Line density
-By using more scanline= more detail

59
Q

Increasing the sector size, increases:

The number of pulses per image or frame rate?

A

The number of pulses per image

60
Q

Contrast resolution is calculated by dividing the dynamic range by the

A

Number of shades of gray

61
Q

If an ellipses used to document the circumference of a structure, what unit is used?

A

Cm

62
Q

In order to improve spatial resolution, and the signal to noise, ratio ________ uses frequency modulation to manipulate the transmitted beam

A

Coded excitation

63
Q

What image controls is used to counteract beam attenuation?

A

TGC

64
Q

If you increase the sector angle from 45 to 90° and no other consul changes are made, what happens to frame rate?

A

It is reduced to 1/2 the original frame rate

65
Q

What is a primary factor in determining the frame rate of an ultrasound system?

Propagation speed in soft tissue or output power

A

Propagation, speed, and soft tissue

66
Q

What system controls reduces noise and smooth the image using frame average?

A

Persistence

Low levels are necessary for fast moving structures

67
Q

What techniques described as a graphic representation of motion of the structure over time?
B color or m-mode?

A

M-mode

68
Q

What is the function of the signal processor?

A

Filtering and compression
Demodulation

69
Q

What causes range ambiguity artifact?

Refraction or high PRF

A

High PRF

Range ambiguity is related with shallow depth settings. Decreasing the PRS and increasing imaging depth can reduce this artifact.

70
Q

If the input power is 0.5mW and the output power is 500mW. What is the gain?

A

40dB

71
Q

What system component is responsible for 3-D image acquisition, and presentation?

Beam former or image processor?

A

Image processor
-Responsible for pre-processing, post processing, storing images, grayscale maps, color, Maps, 3-D image acquisition, presentation, digital to analog conversion

72
Q

To increase the amplitude of the ultrasound post produced by the transducer:

A

The voltage amplitude from the pulser increases

73
Q

What best describes the difference between 3-D ultrasound imaging in 4D ultrasound imaging?

A

4D imaging provides real time display of 3-D images

74
Q

What will improve contrast resolution?
Coded excitation or decreasing frequency?

A

Coded excitation

75
Q

What technique can improve contrast resolution to aid in the visualization of an isoechoic mass?

Turn on harmonic imaging or decrease the number of focal zones?

A

Turn on harmonic imaging

76
Q

Two Main reasons the reflected signals must undergo compression is:

A

Range of reflected signals exceeds the ability of the system to process and display that many signals, and it is important to maintain grayscale within range of human vision

77
Q

What is the period for a 5MHZ transducer?

A

Period= 1/freq
1/5MHz= 0.2

78
Q

Spatial compounding= can ______ the appearance of useful artifacts, such as enhancement and shadowing.

A

Can decrease the appearance of useful artifact, such as enhancement and shadowing.

79
Q

If the sonographer increases the size of the field of view, the frame rate will:

A

Decrease

80
Q

What can change the image data displayed on an archived exam?

A

Change the gray map used to create image

81
Q

A disadvantage of increasing edge enhancement is:

Reduces beam penetration or amplifies echoes related to noise and spackle?

A

Amplifies echoes related to noise and speckle

82
Q

The contrast resolution for system with 4 bit memory and 32 dynamic range?

A

2

83
Q

What correctly describes m-mode?

A

Uses a very high sampling rate

84
Q

What control affects the power of the beam?
Swept gain or transmit gain?

A

Transmit gain

85
Q

_________ is the predominant factor causing attenuation of the beam, and this can be counteracted by ________.

A

sound absorption= predominant factor causing attenuation

Increasing the TGC settings for the far Field

86
Q

_________ the process that is performed in a beam former where the output voltage is varied to decrease the formation of lobe artifacts

A

Apodization

87
Q

The strength of the received, Echo determines the _________on the display

A

Brightness of the pixel= strength

88
Q

When harmonic imaging is turned on, it primarily improves ________ resolution

A

Lateral resolution-harmonic imaging

89
Q

What consul setting can be changed to adjust the propagation speed of a transverse wave?

Imaging depth, or none of the above

A

None

90
Q

Demodulation is only necessary, when

A

A television monitors used to display the image

91
Q

_________ can be used to reduce image, noise and clutter on the 2-D image

A

Spatial compounding

92
Q

What correctly describes dynamic receive focusing?

A function of the pulser, or allows focusing at multiple depths on the image ?

A

Multiple depths = dynamic receive

93
Q

If a reflector is 5cm from the transducer, how long will it take a post to reach it?

A

0.03msec

94
Q

What system control, adjust the number of gray levels in the image to maintain the grayscale within the range of the human vision?

A

Compression

Physics 1 (5 decks)

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