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DSM PHY > SPI 2 > Flashcards

SPI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

Process where sound energy is dissipated in a medium

Heat

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2
Q

Acoustic

A

Having to do with sound

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3
Q

Acoustic impedance

A

Resistance to sound as it propagates through a medium

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4
Q

Acoustic variables

A

Effects on the sound beam caused by the medium

Pressure, density, distance

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5
Q

Amplitude

A

Strength of the compression wave; maximum variation of an acoustic variable

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6
Q

Attenuation

A

Weakening of sound as it propagates through a medium

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7
Q

Attenuation coefficient

A

Attenuation occurring with each centimeter that sound travels

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8
Q

Bandwidth

A

Range of frequencies found in pulse Ultrasound

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9
Q

Compression

A

Region of high pressure or density in a compression wave

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10
Q

Continuous wave

A

A nonpulsed wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely

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11
Q

Cycle

A

One complete variation in pressure or other acoustic variable

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12
Q

Decibel

A

A unit used to compare the ratio of intensities or amplitudes of two sound waves or two points along the wave

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13
Q

Density

A

Concentration of mass weight or matter per unit volume

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14
Q

Duty factor

A

Fraction of time that pulse Ultrasound is on

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15
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles in a wave occurring in one second

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16
Q

Half value layer

A

Thickness of tissue required to reduce the intensity of the sound beam by one-half

Aka- depth of penetration

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17
Q

Harmonic frequency

A

Echoes twice the frequency transmitted into the body that reflect back to the transducer, which improves image quality

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18
Q

Impedance

A

Determines how much of an incident sound wave is reflected back from the first medium and how much is transmitted into the second medium

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19
Q

Incident angle

A

Direction and of incident beam with respect to the media boundary

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20
Q

Intensity

A

Rate at which energy transmits over a specific area

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21
Q

Oblique incidence

A

Incident Ultrasound traveling at an oblique angle to the media boundary

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22
Q

Period

A

Time to complete one cycle

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23
Q

Pressure

A

Concentration of force

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24
Q

Propagation speed

A

Speed at which a wave moves through a medium

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25
Q

Pulse

A

Collection of a number of cycles that travel together

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26
Q

Pulse duration

A

Portion of time from the beginning to the end of a pulse

Sonography 2-3 cycles
Doppler 5-30 cycles

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27
Q

Pulse repetition frequency

A

Number of pulses per second

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28
Q

Pulse repetition period

A

Time between the beginning of one cycle and the beginning of the next cycle

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29
Q

Q factor

A

For short pulses the Q factor is equal to the number of cycles in a pulse; the lower the Q factor the better the image quality

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30
Q

Rarefraction

A

Regions of low pressure or density in a compression wave

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31
Q

Rayleigh’s scatter

A

Occurs when the reflector is much smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam

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32
Q

Reflection

A

Redirection (return) of a portion of the sound beam back to the transducer

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33
Q

Refraction

A

Change in direction of the sound wave after passing from one minute to another

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34
Q

Scattering

A

Redirection of sound in several directions on encountering a rough surface (non speculate reflection)

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35
Q

Spatial pulse length

A

Distance over which a pulse occurs

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36
Q

Speckle

A

Multiple echoes received at the same time generating interference in the sound wave, resulting in a grainy appearance of the US

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37
Q

Specular reflections

A

They compromise the boundaries of organs and reflect sound in only one direction. Angle dependent

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38
Q

Stiffness

A

Resistance of a material to compression

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39
Q

Temporal

A

Relating to time

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40
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance of one cycle

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41
Q

Sound categories

A

Infra - below 20Hz (below human hearing)

Audible- above 20Hz and below 20,000Hz (human hearing)

Ultrasound- over 20,000 Hz (above human hearing)

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42
Q

Sound waves carry?

A

Energy

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43
Q

Sound waves have areas of?

A

Compression (high pressure) and rarefraction (low pressure)

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44
Q

Frequency is proportional to?

A

Image quality and attenuation

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45
Q

Frequency is inversely proportional to

A

Wavelength, period and depth

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46
Q

Period is proportional to?

A

Wavelength

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47
Q

Period is inversely related to

A

Frequency

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48
Q

Propagation speed is proportional to

A

Stiffness in a medium

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49
Q

Propagation speed is inversely related to?

A

Density of a medium

50
Q

Dense structures or pathology do what to propagation speed?

A

Decrease

51
Q

Stiff structures do what to propagation speed?

A

Increase

Bone

52
Q

Propagation speed of soft tissue

A

1.54 mm/ms

53
Q

Wavelength is proportional to?

A

Period and depth

54
Q

Wavelength is inversely related to?

A

Frequency

55
Q

Amplitude

A

Sound strength

56
Q

Amplitude is proportional to

A

Power

57
Q

Amplitude does what through tissue?

A

Decreases

58
Q

Intensity is proportional to

A

Power and amplitude of the wave squared

59
Q

Intensity is inversely related to

A

Beam area

60
Q

Power

A

Rate at which energy is transmitted into the body

61
Q

Power is proportional to

A

Intensity

62
Q

Pulse Ultrasound

A

A few pulses of Ultrasound followed by a longer pause of no ultrasound

Two components: transmitting and receiving

63
Q

Bandwidth relationships

A

Inversely related to SPL and Q factor

64
Q

Duty factor relationships

A

Directly related to PRF and pulse duration

Inversely related to PRP

65
Q

Pulse duration relationships

A

Directly related to duty factor and number of cycles in pulse

Inversely related to PRF

66
Q

PRF relationships

A

Proportional to duty factor

Inversely related PRP and imaging depth

67
Q

PRP relationships

A

Proportional to imaging depth

Inversely related to PRF

68
Q

Spatial pulse length relationships

A

Directly related to wavelength and number of cycles per pulse
Inversely related to frequency

69
Q

Sound travels through tissues at different speeds depending on?

A

Density and stiffness of a medium

70
Q

Sound travels faster in media that is denser than air because of

A

reduced compressibility

71
Q

Normal incidence

A

Allows reflection of sound beam.

72
Q

Oblique incidence

A

When incident sound beam strikes another boundary at any angle other than 90 degrees

73
Q

What must take place for reflection to occur?

A

A difference in acoustic impedance between two structures and striking the boundary at a perpendicular angle

74
Q

Harmonics frequency improves

A

Spatial and contrast resolution

75
Q

Harmonics frequency decreases

A

Axial resolution

76
Q

Harmonics frequency sound beams are

A

Narrower with lower side lobes increasing lateral resolution

77
Q

Increasing depth does what to harmonics frequency?

A

Increases harmonic signals

78
Q

Tissue harmonics created when?

A

During transmission

79
Q

Contrast harmonics are created

A

During receiving

80
Q

What must take place for refraction to occur?

A

Oblique incidence and a change in velocity or propagation speed between two media

81
Q

Absorption

A

Conversion of sound to heat

82
Q

Reflection

A

Redirection of sound beam back to transducer

83
Q

Scattering

A

Redirection of sound in multiple directions

84
Q

Attenuation relationship

A

Proportional to frequency and depth

85
Q

Attenuation coefficient relationship

A

Proportional to frequency and depth

86
Q

Density relationship

A

Proportional to impedance and propagation speed

87
Q

Half value layer relationship

A

Inversely related to frequency

88
Q

Impedance relationship

A

Proportional to density and propagation speed of the medium

89
Q

Divergence

A

Widening of sound beam in the far field

90
Q

Aperture

A

Size of transducer element

91
Q

Apodization

A

Excitation of elements in an array to reduce grading lobes

92
Q

Array

A

Collection of active elements connected to individual electronic currents in one transducer assembly

93
Q

Axial resolution

A

Ability to distinguish two structures along a path parallel to the sound beam

94
Q

Channels

A

Multiple transducer elements with individual wiring and system electronics

95
Q

Constructive interference

A

Occurs when two waves in phase with each other create a new wave with amplitude greater than the original two waves;in phase

96
Q

Convex array

A

Curved linear transducer containing multiple piezoelectric elements

97
Q

Curie point

A

Temp to which a material is raised while in the presence of a strong electrical field, to yield piezoelectric properties.

98
Q

What happens when temperature exceeds Curie point?

A

Crystal properties will be lost

99
Q

Damping

A

Material attached to rear of transducer element reduce ringing

100
Q

Destructive interference

A

Occurs when two waves out of phase with each other create a new wave with amplitude less than the two original waves

101
Q

Diffraction

A

Deviation in the direction of the sound wave that is not a result of reflection, scattering, or refraction

102
Q

Dynamic aperture

A

Aperture that increases as the focal length increases; minimizes change in the width of the sound beam

103
Q

Element

A

Piezoelectric element of the transducer assembly

104
Q

Elevational resolution

A

Detail resolution located perpendicular to the scan plane; it is equal to the section thickness and is the source of slice thickness artifact

105
Q

Far zone

A

Region of the sound beam in which the diameter increases as the distance from the transducer increases

106
Q

Focal length

A

Distance from a focused transducer to the center of the focal zone; distance from a focused transducer to the spatial peak intensity

107
Q

Focal point

A

Concentration of the sound beam into a smaller area

108
Q

Focal zone

A

Area at region of focus

109
Q

Fraunhofer

A

Far zone

110
Q

Fresnel

A

Near zone

111
Q

Grating lobes

A

Additional weak beams emitted from a multi element transducer that propagate in directions different from the primary beam

112
Q

Huygens principle

A

All points on a wave front or at a source are point sources for the production of spherical secondary wavelets

113
Q

Interference

A

Occurs when two waves interact or overlap resulting in the creation of a new wave

114
Q

Lateral resolution

A

Ability to distinguish two structures lying perpendicular to sound path

115
Q

Matching layer

A

Material attached to front face of the transducer element to reduce reflections at the transducer surface

116
Q

Near zone

A

Region of beam between the transducer and focal point which decreases in size as it approaches the focus

117
Q

Operating frequency

A

Natural frequency of the transducer

118
Q

Operation frequency is determined by

A

Propagation speed and thickness of element in pulse Ultrasound and by the electrical frequency in continuous wave

119
Q

Phased

A

Multiple focal zones, beam steering and beam focusing

Applies voltage pulse to all elements in the assembly as a group, but with minor time differences.

120
Q

Sequenced array

A

Operated by applying voltage pulses to a group of elements in succession

121
Q

Side lobes

A

Additional weak beams traveling from a single element transducer in directions different from the beam

122
Q

Subdicing

A

Dividing each element into small pieces to reduce grading lobes

DSM PHY (14 decks)

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