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DSM PHY > Physics 2 Final Exam > Flashcards

Physics 2 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frequency of a transducer if the period is 25 million cycles/ sec?

A

25 MHz

Pg. 21

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2
Q

What are the ranges for audible, ultrasound, and infrasound?

A

Infrasound - less than 20Hz
Audible - 20Hz - 20 kHz
Ultrasound - greater than 20kHz
Pg. 22

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3
Q

What are the ultrasound parameters? Which are determined by only the sound source and which are determined by both the sound source and the medium?

A 
Sound Source: 
Period
Frequency
Amplitude
Power
Intensity
Pg.40
Pulse duration
PRP
PRF
Duty Factor
Pg 63
Sound Source & Medium:
Wavelength
Pg. 40
Spatial Pulse Length
Pg. 63
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4
Q

If intensity remains the same, while power is doubled, what happens to the beam area?

A

Doubled

Pg 44

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5
Q

What are the acoustic variables?

A

Pressure (pascals)
Density (kg/cm^3)
Distance (cm,mm)
Pg 12

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6
Q

What would create the longest wavelength?

A

The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength

pg. 34

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7
Q

What is the term used to describe from the start of a pulse to the end of a pulse?

A

Pulse duration

Pg 49

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8
Q

What scale do we use for decibels?

A

Logarithmic

Pg 77

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9
Q

What will intensity do if you have 3 dBs?

A

Intensity is doubled at 3dB

Pg 78

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10
Q

If initial intensity is less than the final intensity, then what will the gain in decibels be?

A

Positive, the beam’s intensity is increasing

pg. 79

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11
Q

Rayleigh scattering is related to ___.

A

Frequency^4

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12
Q

Soft tissue attenuation coefficient is directly related to ___.

A

Frequency
Attenuation coefficient= 0.5dB/cm/MHz
pg. 85

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13
Q

What are the different speeds and attenuation we will find in different mediums?

A

Medium, Attenuation, speed

water, extremely low, 1480m/s
blood/urine/biological fluids, low, 1560m/s
fat, low 1450m/s
soft tissue, intermediate 1540m/s
muscle, higher, 1600m/s
bong and lung, even higher, 3500m/s (bone) 500m/s (lung)
air, extremely high, 300m/s

pg. 86 and 37

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14
Q

If two PZT are made from the same material, the thicker crystal will make a pulsed transducer that is ___.

A

Lower frequency

pg. 127

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15
Q

What happens when we exceed the Curie point?

A

Depolarization

Pg 120

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16
Q

Which component of a transducer reduces ringing of a pulse?

A

Backing material
“Damping element”
Pg 115

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17
Q

Know all about crystals and what they may produce (thick/thin crystals, high/low speeds).

A

Materials which convert sound into electricity and vice versa

Names: Piezoelectric, ferroelectric, PZT, lead zirconate titanate, ceramic, active element, & crystal

High frequency transducer: thinner PZT with higher speeds
Low frequency transducer: thicker PZT with lower speeds
pg. 113 & 125)

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18
Q

What resolution is improved by damping material?

A

Axial
Pg 115

Longitudinal
pg. 126

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19
Q

The voltage of a pulsed transducer is 6 MHz, what will the frequency be?

A

Cannot be determined by electrical signal

pg. 126

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20
Q

Frequency is given for a continuous wave probe is 6 MHz, what is the operating frequency? (what is the relationship between these two)

A

Identical (6MHz)

pg. 127

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21
Q

What is the order of impedences from greatest to least? (matching layer, skin, gel, PZT)

A

PZT > matching layer > gel > skin

pg. 116

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22
Q

Which component of a transducer contains cork?

A

Acoustic insulator

Pg 115

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23
Q

What does the matching layer do?

A

Increases the percentage of transmitted sound between the active element and the skin; protects the active element
pg. 115-116

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24
Q

How are frequency and near zone length related?

A

Directly

Pg 135

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25
Q

Anatomy of a sound wave (5 questions)

A
  • Focus/ focal point= where the beam is narrowest
  • Near Zone/field, Fresnel Zone= distance from the transducer to the focus
  • Near zone length/focal zone length/ focal depth= distance from the transducer face to the focus
  • Far zone/ field, Fraunhoffer zone= region deeper than the focus, where the sound beam diverges
  • Focal zone= region around the focus where the beam is relatively narrow, where the most accurate images come from
    pg. 131
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26
Q

How is the focal length of a sound beam determined?

A

1) Transducer diameter
2) Frequency of sound
pg. 135

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27
Q

What is the spread of a sound beam in the far field?

A

Divergence

pg. 139

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28
Q

What will create the best lateral resolution based on frequency and diameter?

A

The largest diameter and highest frequency

pg. 153

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29
Q

LARRD (multiple questions)

A 
Longitudinal
Axial
Range
Radial
Depth
-parallel to beam's axis
-best with less ringing and high frequency
pg. 146
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30
Q

LATA (multiple questions)

A 
Lateral
Angular
Transverse
Azimuthal
- perpendicular to beam's axis
- best with decrease FOV and at focus
pg. 153
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31
Q

What is lateral resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish 2 structures perpendicular to beam
pg. 151

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32
Q

Which intensity is most important when it comes to biological effects?

A

SPTA

pg. 74

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33
Q

Which intensity is considered the maximum?

A

Peak

Pg 69

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34
Q

What are the units for intensity?

A

W/cm^2

pg. 73

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35
Q

What are the six different kinds of intensity?

A 
spatial
peak
average 
temporal
pulsed
pg 69 only found 5
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36
Q

What is an incident of a sound wave?

A

The angle at which the wave strikes the boundary.

Normal (PORNN) 
perpendicular
orthogonal
right
90

Oblique=anything other than 90degree

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37
Q

What is the difference between transmission, reflection, and incident intensity? (6 questions)

A

incident intensity= the sound wave’s intensity immediately before it strikes a boundary

reflected intensity= percentage of intensity that returns , after striking the boundary

transmitted intensity=the percentage of intensity that continues forward after the boundary

pg 92

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38
Q

What is the half value layer thickness?

A

the distance sound travels in a tissue that reduces te intensity of sound to 1/2 of its original value.
pg 87

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39
Q

What is the angle degree for normal incidence?

A

90

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40
Q

What is the intensity reflection coefficient? (3 questions)

A

the percentage of the intensity that bounces back when a sound beam strikes the boundary between 2 media.

in clinical imaging, very little of the sound wave’s intensity is reflected at the boundary between 2 soft tissues.

greater percentage of the wave is reflected when it strikes a boundary between soft tissue and bode or air.
pg 93

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41
Q

To have normal incidence, you have to have different what?

A

difference in acoustic impedance.

pg 88

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42
Q

Specular reflections arise from what?

A

The sound is reflected in only one direction in an organized manner.

When it strikes a smooth boundary.

pg 81

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43
Q

What is the term used to describe transmission with a bend?

A

refraction

pg 100

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44
Q

What can happen with both oblique incidence and different propagation speeds?

A

Refraction

pg 101

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45
Q

Snell’s Law describes what?

A

The physics of refraction

pg. 102

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46
Q

What is it called when two sound waves are traveling towards something and they both arrive at the same time?

A

Interference

Pg 18

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47
Q

Thumbs up and thumbs down rule (stiffness and density)

A

Stiffness directly related to speed
Density inversely related to speed
pg. 39

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48
Q

What is attenuation?

A

a decrease in intensity, power and amplitude as the sound travels through the medium
pg 80

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49
Q

Impedence is a characteristic of what?

A

Medium only

pg 88

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50
Q

What type of transducer and frequency do we use on different parts of the body?

A

Small parts: Linear, High frequency

Abdomen: Convex, Lower frequency

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51
Q

What is the ability to distinguish between two structures?

A

resolution

pg. 149

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52
Q

What is the best choice for attenuation coefficient in soft tissue?

A

one-half of the frequency

pg 85

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53
Q

Attenuation is determined by what two factors?

A

path length
frequency
pg 80

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54
Q

What is the term used to describe the redirection of sound in many directions?

A

Scattering

pg 82

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55
Q

What do we consider a rough boundary?

A

most interfaces in the body

pg. 82

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56
Q

What is time of flight?

A

the elapsed time from pulse creation to pulse reception

pg. 107

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57
Q

What is Q-factor?

A

Q-factor = main frequency/bandwidth
Imaging probes have a low-Q
pg. 119

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58
Q

All the different names used to describe time of flight

A

Go return time

pg. 107

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59
Q

What is the 13 microsecond rule?

A

When sound travels through soft tissue, for every 13 microseconds of go-return time, the object creating the reflection is 1 cm deeper
pg. 108

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60
Q

When you change your depth, what happens to PRP?

A

Doubles
Per Game Review
Shallow Depth = Short PRP
pg. 109

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61
Q

Axial resolution deals with structures that are located where on the sound beam?

A

Parallel

Per Game Review pg. 145

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62
Q

What happens to the numerical value of LARRD as frequency increases?

A

Decreases

Per Game Review pg. 148

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63
Q

If you are given a frequency, what will have the best axial resolution? # of cycles

A

High frequency
Fewer cycles per pulse
pg. 148

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64
Q

Why is it difficult to study biological effects in living tissue?

A

Absorption (biggest reason), scattering and reflection

pg. 170

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65
Q

What is the empirical approach?

A

Based on the acquisition and review of information from patients and animals exposed to ultrasound. Searches for a relationship between exposure and response
pg. 407

66
Q

What is the difference between stable cavitation and transient cavitation?

A

Stable
oscillating bubble
microstreamng and shear stresses
lower MI

Transient (normal, inertial)
bursting bubble
shock waves and very high temperatures
higher MI

pg. 411

67
Q

What is the primary investigative technique used in epidemiology?

A

Reviewing of the charts

Per Game Review

68
Q

What is the most common intensity that is involved with tissue heating?

A

SPTA

pg. 74

69
Q

How do we study biological effects of non-living things?

A

in vitro

pg. 405

70
Q

Which will have the least amount of temperature elevation, focused or unfocused sound beams?

A

Focused sound beams

per Game Review

71
Q

What should we do if we find a broken housing or a frayed wire on an ultrasound machine?

A

Do not use it

72
Q

When is it okay to perform an ultrasound on a patient?

A

When the benefits outweigh the risks

pg. 405

73
Q

What is the x-axis and y-axis on A, B, and M Mode?

A

A-mode: x=depth, y=amplitude z=none
B-mode: x=depth, y=none, z=amplitude
M-mode: x=time, y=depth, z=none
pg. 163

74
Q

A Mode

A

Amplitude Mode appearing as a series of upward spikes (big city skyline)
pg. 159-160

75
Q

B Mode

A

Brightness Mode appearing as a line of dots of varying brightness, first form of gray scale imaging
pg. 161

76
Q

M Mode

A

Motion Mode appearing as a group of horizontal wavy lines (heart rate)
pg. 162

77
Q

What must we have to have gray scale imaging?

A

scan converter

Per Game Review

78
Q

What is the difference between pre-processing and post-processing?

A

Pre-processing is manipulation of image data before storage
Post-processing is manipulation of image data after stoarge
pg. 249

79
Q

What is spatial compouding?

A

method of using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce 1 single image
pg. 254

80
Q

What is fill-in interpolation?

A

method of constructing new simulated data points to fill in the gaps
pg. 257

81
Q

What is persistence?

A

AKA temporal compounding or averaging
image processing technique that continues to display information from older images, which smooths the image
pg. 256

82
Q

What is edge enhancement?

A

image processing method that makes pictures look sharper

pg. 255

83
Q

What are the advantages of the PACS system?

A

virtually instant access to archived studies
no degradation of data
ability to electronically transmit images and reports to remote sites “store and forward”
pg. 259

84
Q

When sending the signal from the transducer to the receiver, what form is the information in? (refer to the analog to digital diagram on pg. 247)

A

analog to digital form

pg. 247

85
Q

What do contrast agents need to be?

A 
Safe
Metabolically inert
Long lasting
Strong reflector of ultrasound
Small enough to pass through capillaries
pg. 278
86
Q

What is harmonic imaging? (convert harmonic frequency to fundamental frequency)

A

harmonic imaging is the creatioin of an image from sound reflections at twice the frequency of the transmitted sound
pg. 269

87
Q

What is the difference between pulsatile and phasic flow?

A

Pulsatile flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity (arterial)
Phasic flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity (venous)
pg. 286

88
Q

What are the different types of laminar flow?

A

Plug flow: all layers and blood cells travel at the same velocity
Parabolic flow: flow has bullet-shaped profile
pg. 287.vr t

89
Q

What is the Reynold’s number for turbulent flow?

A

greater than 2000

pg. 288

90
Q

What are the effects of a stenosis?

A 
change in flow direction
increased velocity as vessel narrows
turbulence downstream from the stenosis
pressure gradient across the stenosis
loss of pulsatility
pg. 292
91
Q

What is the hyrdrostatic pressure in different parts of the body while standing and laying supine?

A 
Standing:
Finger in air: -50 mmHg
Heart: 0 mmHg
Waist: 50 mmHg
Knee: 75 mmHg
Ankle: 100 mmHg
pg. 298

Supine:
0 mmHg everywhere
pg. 297

92
Q

What is coaptation?

A

Compressing a vessel

Per Beth

93
Q

What happens to the pressure in different parts of the body while inhaling and exhaling?

A 
Inspiration:
Diaphragm moves down
Thoracic pressure decreases
Abdominal pressure increases
Venous return to heart increases
Venous flow in legs decreases
Expiration:
Diaphragm moves up
Thoracic pressure increases
Abdominal pressure decreases
Venous return to heart decreases
Venous flow in legs increases

pg. 301

94
Q

What is the Doppler shift called when the sound source and the receiver are moving farther apart?

A

Negative Doppler shift

pg. 305

95
Q

What is the typical range for a Doppler shift?

A

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz

pg. 304

96
Q

What is the phenomenon called when high velocities appear negative?

A

Aliasing

pg. 315

97
Q

What are five ways that we can eliminate aliasing? Which is for appearance only?

A
  1. Adjust scale to its maximum
  2. Select a new ultrasonic view with a shallower sample volume
  3. Select a lower frequency transducer
  4. Use baseline shift - for appearance only
  5. Use continuous wave Doppler
    pg. 319 and 322
98
Q

What are the x-axis and y-axis for Doppler on a spectral analysis?

A

x-axis: time
y-axis: velocity
pg. 307

99
Q

Doppler shift is inversely related to ___.

A

Propagation speed

pg. 306

100
Q

What is unidirection Doppler?

A

Either flow away or towards the transducer?

pg. 311

101
Q

If red blood cells are traveling toward the transducer, what kind of Doppler shift is this?

A

Positive Doppler shift

pg. 304

102
Q

What is the primary advantage of pulsed Doppler?

A

Being able to see the exact location where the velocity is being measured
called range resolution, range specificity, or freedom from range ambiguity artifact
pg. 314

103
Q

What is the primary advantage of continuous wave Doppler?

A

accurately measures very high velocities

pg. 312

104
Q

What is the disadvantage of using color Doppler?

A

aliasing

pg. 325

105
Q

The area of interrogation on Doppler is called what?

A

sample volume

pg. 339

106
Q

What tool has increased sensitivity to low flow states?

A

Power Doppler
pg. 333

Continuous wave
pg. 313

107
Q

Know all describing factors of an ultrasound image

A 
Hyperechoic
Hypoechoic
Anechoic
Isoechoic
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
pg. 356
108
Q

Why do we have artifacts?

A 
error in imaging from 
violation of assumptions
equipment malfunction/poor design
physics of ultrasound 
operator error
pg. 355
109
Q

Which artifact has equally spaced parallel lines?

A

Reverberation

pg. 357

110
Q 
Which artifact is unrelated to the dimensions of ultrasound?
A. Lateral resolution
B. Depth resolution
C. Slice Thickness
D. Refraction
A

Refraction

pg. 378

111
Q 
What artifact produces an incorrect number of reflectors?
A. Propagation speed error
B. Multipath
C. Enhancement
D. Side Lobes
A

Side lobe artifact

pg. 377

112
Q

What is mirror image?

A

When sound reflects off a strong reflector and is redirected toward a second structure
appears deeper than true reflector on a straight line
pg. 363

113
Q

What kind of transducer do side lobes and grating lobes come from?

A

Side lobes created by mechanical probes
Grating lobes created by array transducers
pg. 367

114
Q

What are axial and lateral resolution artifacts?

A

Lateral occurs when a pair of side-by-side reflectors are closer than the width of the sound beam and they appear as 1.
Axial occurs when a long pulse strikes 2 closely spaced structures where one is in front of the other they appear as 1.
pg. 370

115
Q

Where does edge shadow come from?

A

curved reflector

pg. 360

116
Q

What is focal banding?

A

AKA focal enhancement
Hyperechoic side-to-side region from increased intensity at the focus
pg. 362

117
Q

What is enhancement?

A

hyperechoic region below structure from the result of too little attenuation
pg. 361

118
Q

What are speed errors?

A

When sound wave propagates through a medium at a speed other than that of soft tissue
pg. 364

119
Q

What is speckle?

A

Noise resulting from the constructive and destructive interference of small sound wavelets
pg. 374

120
Q

What is range ambiguity artifact?

A

Occurs when a reflecting structure is located deeper than the imaging depth of the image; reflector is located shallower on the image
pg. 373

121
Q

What is cross talk?

A

mirror image artifact that appears on a spectral Doppler display
pg. 363

122
Q

What is a tissue equivalent phantom? (2 questions)

A

Used to evaluate characteristics such as gray scale and tissue texture, and multi-focus and adjustable-focus phased array transducers
Gray scale is evaluated
pg. 382

123
Q

What are the rules for informed consent?

A

Patient must be competent and consent must be voluntary
the goal is to allow patients to be knowledgeable of their health care
pg. 393

124
Q

A perfect technique for example, MRI or Angio, that would deem 100% accurate with ultrasound is called what?

A

Gold Standard

Per Beth

125
Q

What are we testing with quality assurance?

A

Validates the consistency of ultrasound images and the accuracy of measurement devices
pg. 379

126
Q

According to the AIUM and FDA bioeffects intensity limits, what is the difference between focused and unfocused sound beams?

A

Unfocused beam is more likely to cause a rise in temperature because the beam spreads over a broad area
pg. 549

127
Q

What is the first thing you should do when entering a patient’s room?

A

greet patient and wash your hands???

128
Q

What kind of transducer, if it’s crystals get destroyed, will have the whole image compromised?

A

mechanical

pg 167

129
Q

What transducer is focused in all planes and at all depths?

A

Annular Phased Array

Per Game Review

130
Q

What is the advantage of a 1.5 dimensional array transducer? What type of dimension are we looking at?

A

3D/4D. Has the advantage of Elevational Resolution.

pg 188

131
Q

What is the image shape for a vector array?

A

Trapezoidal

132
Q

What type of transducer has elements that are in a straight line?

A

Linear

133
Q

What transducer has circular rings and a common center?

A

Annular

pg 179

134
Q

Which transducer has it’s elements in a bow shape?

A

Curved

135
Q

What does phased array mean?

A

adjustable

pg 170

136
Q

Dropout of an image from top to bottom is produced by what type of transducer?

A

Linear Sequential Array
Convex/curve
pg 180

137
Q

Dropout of an image from side to side is produced by what type of transducer?

A

Annular phased array

pg 179

138
Q

Know all about mechanical probes

A 
single crystal
sector shaped image
mechanical steering
fixed focus
pg 167
139
Q

What is dynamic aperture?

A

the “listening hole” it is a technique used to make a sound beam narrow over a greater range of depths.
pg 194

140
Q

The ability to accurately locate a moving structure at any point or time is what?

A

Temporal Resolution

Per Game Review

141
Q

What will degrade temporal resolution?

A

low frame rates

pg 372

142
Q

If we double our depth of view, what happens to the frame rate?

A

1/2

Per Game Review

143
Q

What degrades temporal resolution?

A

low frame rates

pg 372

144
Q

With a given Hz, how long will it take to make a single frame?

A

reciprocals, so for example given frequency is 30 Hz, it will take 1/30 sec to create a frame
pg. 214

145
Q

Lateral resolution will improve with ___.

A

High frequency
Large Diameter
Per Game Review

146
Q

The depth of a scan is 15 cm, there are 100 lines in the image. What are the number of pulses that make up the scan?

A

100 pulses

pg. 213

147
Q

What is consistent with increased or improved spatial resolution?

A

high line density

pg 372

148
Q

Which ultrasound system component organizes and times the functions?

A

Master Synchronizer

Per Game Review

149
Q

What component of an ultrasound system creates the electrical signal that excites the PZT?

A

Pulser

Per Game Review

150
Q

Know the anatomic areas of the TGC curve

A 
near gain
delay
slope
knee
far gain
pg 228
151
Q

On a TGC curve, what location does attenuation take place?

A

Slope

152
Q

What creates the firing pattern for a phased array transducer?

A

Beam Former

Per Game Review

153
Q

Of receiver functions, which treats signals differently depending on depth?

A

Compensation

Per Game Review

154
Q

If an image is too dark or too bright the sonographer should decide between output power and receiver gain keeping what in mind?

A

ALARA

Per Game Review

155
Q

Which receiver function affects only the weak signals, leaving the strong signals unchanged?

A

Reject

Per Game Review

156
Q

If an image is dark in the near field but you can still see what’s in the far field, what should be adjusted?

A

TGC

Per Game Review

157
Q

Which function will affect the strength of every pulse transmitted into the body?

A

Output Power
Per Game Review
Amplification
Pg. 224

158
Q

What is signal to noise ratio?

A

a comparison of the meaningful information (signal) in an image, compared to the amount of contamination (noise)
pg 219

159
Q

What are the describing words for intensity?

A 
Bigness or
spatial
peak
average 
temporal
pulsed
pg 69
160
Q

What is the dominating contributor to attenuation?

A

Absorption

pg84

161
Q

How do you calculate attenuation?

A

total attenuation= attenuation coefficient x distance pg 85

162
Q

When can a patient revoke their consent?

A

Any time

pg. 393

DSM PHY (14 decks)

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