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DSM PHY > Physics 2 Test chapters 14 &15 > Flashcards

Physics 2 Test chapters 14 &15 Flashcards

1
Q

Which component of an Ultrasound system is responsible for organization and time?

A

Master synchronizer

Pg 216

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2
Q

Which component of an Ultrasound system creates an electrical signal that excites the PZT?

A

Pulser

Pg 217

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3
Q

Know the anatomy of a TGC curve

A 
Near gain
Delay
Slope
Knee
Far gain
Pg 228
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4
Q

What part creates the firing pattern for a phased array system?

A

Beam Former

Pg 221

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5
Q

What are all of the receiver functions?

A 
Amplification 
Compensation
Compression
Demodulation
Reject
Pg 223
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6
Q

Acoustic power of a sound beam is determined by what part of a pulser?

A

Voltage

Pg 237

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7
Q

What type of pulser generates constant electrical signal?

A

Continuous wave

Pg 236

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8
Q

What is the receiver function that will improve signal to noise?

A

increasing output power is the most common way to improve signal to noise. ???
pg 219

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9
Q

What is the receiver function that has t do with demodulization?

A

Rectification
Or
Smoothing

Pg 232

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10
Q

What is the receiver function that keeps ______ within range of the human eye?

A

Compression

Gray scale

Pg 230

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11
Q

What is the receiver function that is not adjustable by the sonographer?

A

Demodulation

Pg 232

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12
Q

When an image is too dark or too bright, what are your two options to adjust the image?

A

output power (if image is too bright) and receiver gain (if image is too dark)

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13
Q

Which receiver function treats signals differently depending on depth?

A

Compensation

Pg 226

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14
Q

What is the receiver function that affects the weak signals, leaving the strong signals unchanged?

A

Reject

Pg 233

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15
Q

When PRP is long, PRF will be?

A

Lower

Pg 220

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16
Q

Know all six components of an ultrasound system

A 
Transducer
Pulser and beam former
Receiver
Display
Storage
Master synchronizer 
Pg 216
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17
Q

What should you do if an ultrasound system displays reflectors only in the far region?

A

Adjust the systems compensation

pg 238

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18
Q

What is the best choice if the entire image is too bright?

A

Decrease the output power

pg 238

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19
Q

Which component will affect strength of every pulse transmitted into the body?

A

Amplification

Pg 224

20
Q

What are some disadvantages of analog scan converters?

A 
image fade
image flicker
instability
deterioration
pg 243
21
Q

Which electronic component is required for gray scale imaging?

A

scan converter??
pg. 241
Analog Scan Converter? (Pg. 243

22
Q

Read magnification

A

A part of a frozen image is zoomed up on and it makes the image distorted. Number of pixels stay the same they are just larger.
pg 250

23
Q

Temporal resolution may be improved if the region of interest is _____ in comparison to the original?

A

if the bottom of the region of interest is shallower that the original image’s depth of view
pg. 252

24
Q

Advantages of an analog scan converter

A

The spatial resolution (image detail) is excellent because of the large number of storage elements.
These numbers can be unlimited and continuous range of values.
pg 242 maybe more???
Real World Numbers

25
Q

How to calculate how many shades of gray there are (pg. 246)

A

for example: how many possible shades of grey if you have 3 bits. (2x2x2=8)
pg 246

26
Q

How many bits are needed to store certain amount of shades of gray (how to calculate this)

A

I bet the question is going to be like #9 on the Q&A

pg 262

27
Q

What are the preprocessing functions?

A 
All the changes made to an image before storage.
* time gain compensation
* log compression
* write magnification
* persistence
* spatial compounding
* edge enhancement
* fill in interpolation
pg 249
28
Q

Know about pixels

A

Smallest building block of a digital picture; number of picture elements per inch

Low pixel density: few pixels/inch, larger pixels, less detailed image, lower spatial resolution

High pixel density: many pixels/inch, smaller pixels, more detailed image, higher spatial resolution
pg. 244

29
Q

Know the diagram on pg. 247 about digital and analog

A

analog——->analog-to-digital converter ——-> digital memory (zeros and ones) ——-> digital-to-analog converter ——–> analog
pg. 247

30
Q

Bistable imaging

A

Images are composed of black and white shades only.

pg 239

31
Q

Spatial resolution of the CRT is determined by what? (Beth said “CRT” means “screen/monitor”)

A

Pixel density

Pg. 377

32
Q

What function is related to the ability for us to see shades of gray?

A

Compression

pg 230

33
Q

Real world vs. computer world

A

real world is analog and computer world is digital

242

34
Q

While scanning, you increase your overall gain. Is this preprocessing or postprocessing?

A

Preprocessing

pg. 249

35
Q

Preprocessing

A

The manipulation of image data before storage in the scan converter; sonographer controls this; alters image data forever and cannot be reversed/undone
pg. 249

36
Q

Postprocessing

A

The manipulation of image data after storage in the scan converter; sonographer controls this; since this occurs after A-to-D conversion and storage, all changes can be reversed; any alterations to a frozen image must be postprocessing

Any change after freeze frame
Black/white inversion
Read magnification
Contrast variation
3-D rendering
pg. 249
37
Q

What portion converts data into numbers?

A

Digital scan converter

Pg. 243

38
Q

What are the advantages of coded excitation?

A 
Higher signal-to-noise ratio
Improved axial resolution
Improved spatial resolution
Improved contrast resolution
Deeper penetration
pg. 253
39
Q

What is fill-in interpolation?

A

Fill in the gaps of missing data in a way that cannot be detected by the observer; form of preprocessing
pg. 257

40
Q

What is coded excitation? (where does it occur)

A

Creates very long sound pulses containing a wide range of frquencies. Occurs in the pulser.
pg. 253

41
Q

What is spatial compounding?

A

Using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce a single image
pg. 254

42
Q

What is elastography?

A

Produces images from sound reflection. Theory of elastography is that tissue will deform differently following the application of a force. Estimates tissue stiffness.
pg 258

43
Q

Which technology reduces speckle and improves spatial resolution?

A

Spatial compounding

pg. 254

44
Q

What is speckle?

A

is noise resulting from constructive and destructive interference of small sound wavelets.
pg 374

45
Q

Which technology provides a history of past frames that overlay on the present frames?

A

temporal compounding, persistence, or temporal averaging

pg 256

DSM PHY (14 decks)

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