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Reproduction > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anisogamy

A

difference in size of male and female gametes

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2
Q

What 2 things do the testes produce?

A
  1. Sex hormones

2. Spermatazoa

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3
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia -> Spermatozoa

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4
Q

What 3 events makeup spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis (proliferation): mitosis to increase number (up to 36)
  2. Meiosis: of primary and secondary spermatocytes
  3. Spermiogenesis (differentiation): spherical spermatids change into spermatazoa
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5
Q

Generations of spermatagonia during spermatocytogenesis

A

A1-4, intermediate (point of no return), B

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6
Q

When do spermatogonia becomes primary spermatocytes?

A

Beginning of meiosis

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7
Q

Breakdown of spermatogonia to spermatozoa

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis: A1-4, I and B spermatogonia
  2. Meiosis: Primary spermatocyte (first meiotic division) -> secondary spermatocyte -(secondary meiotic division)> Spermatids
  3. Spermiogenesis: spermatids differentiated into spermatozoa
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8
Q

What compartment does spermatocytogenesis occur in?

A

Basal compartment

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9
Q

What compartment does Meiosis and spermeiogenesis occur in?

A

Adluminal compartment

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10
Q

Function of adluminal and basal compartments?

A

keep testis separated from blood to avoid autoimmune reaction

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11
Q

4 phases of spermiogenesis

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosomal phase
  4. Maturation phase
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12
Q

Golgi phase of spermiogenesis

A

Formation of acrosome vesicle from golgi apperatus

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13
Q

Cap phase of spermiogenesis

A

Growth and flattening of acrosomal cap from vesicle

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14
Q

What provides skeleton and attachment of tail in spermiogenesis?

A

Centriole

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15
Q

Acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis

A

completion of acrosome

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16
Q

Maturation phase of spermiogenesis

A

tail formation and mitochondrial helix formed

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17
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminferous tubules

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18
Q

What leads into epididymus?

A

efferent ducts

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19
Q

What does disulfide crosslinking mean?

A

Condensation of chromatin. Packing genetic material into smaller packages.

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20
Q

How does disulfide crosslinking progress through the epidiymis

A

low degree of disulfide crosslinking in head, moderate in body and high degree in tail

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21
Q

What two things occur in epididymis specifically?

A
  1. Disulfide crosslinking (condensation) of chromatin

2. Translocation of cytoplasmic droplet, droplet is oozing down the tail

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22
Q

What do Leydig cells produce? Leydig cells have receptors for what hormone?

A

produce testosterone due to LH

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23
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce? Do to what hormone?

A

produce Inhibin and activin due to FSH

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24
Q

What hormone is responsible for initiation of spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

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25
Q

What is the affect of inhibin?

A

Inhibin has negative feedback on FSH

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26
Q

Rat sperm

A

hook at end

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27
Q

Horse sperm vs. bull

A

horse is much smaller head

28
Q

4 membranes of sperm cell head

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. outer acrosomal membrane
  3. inner acrosomal membrane
  4. Nuclear membrane
29
Q

Parts of a spermatazoa

A

Head -> Middle piece -> principal piece -> end piece

30
Q

Define Axioneme

A

set of microtubules that run through entire sperm tail and anchor and proximal centriole

31
Q

Axioneme arrangement in sperm tail

A

(9X2) on peripheral + 2 (in middle)

fibrotic sheath throughout entire principal piece

32
Q

What structure goes along middle piece of sperm tail?

A

mitochondrial helix

33
Q

What structure goes through the principal piece of sperm tail?

A

Fibrotic sheath

34
Q

What is semen?

A

sperm + fluid

35
Q

What are the 3 organs involved in formation of semen?

A
  1. Testicle
  2. Epidiymis
  3. Accessory sex glands
36
Q

What is the colliculus seminalis?

A

where semen and fluid from secondary sex organs combine. This is where deferent duct and vesicular gland fuse.

37
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A
  1. Ampulla
  2. Vesicular gland
  3. Bulbourethral gland
  4. Prostate
38
Q

What fuses at the ejactory duct?

A

Ductus deferens and vesicular gland

39
Q

Receptors on the head of sperm blocked by what?

A

Seminal plasma to keep sperm from attaching prematurely

40
Q

What are the two types of penis?

A
  1. Fibroelastic and musculovascular
41
Q

Define emission

A

release of sperm and accessory gland fluid into pelvic urethra

42
Q

Ejaculation

A

forceful expulsion of fluids from urethra

43
Q

Urethral process of ram

A

very apparent

44
Q

Which species has large glans penis?

A

Stallion: dilates cervix

45
Q

3 fractions of canine sperm

A
  1. sperm poor
  2. sperm rich
  3. prostatic fraction
46
Q

Ruminants fraction of semen

A
  1. One jet of sperm rich fraction
47
Q

Equids fraction of semen

A
  1. 5-7 jets (3 sperm rich and the rest are gell fractions)

last jet are from vesicular glands

48
Q

Swine fraction of semen

A

Gell -> sperm rich -> gell

49
Q

What species deposit semen into the vagina?

A

Dog, cat, bull, ram and man

50
Q

What species deposit semen into the cervix?

A

Boar

51
Q

What species deposit semen into uterus?

A

camelids (from horn to horn), stallion, dog and boar

52
Q

Name two ways sperm is lost in immediate transport following insemenation

A
  1. retrograde loss

2. phagocytosis of bad sperm

53
Q

Cervix very complicated in what species?

A

Ruminant because of cervical rings

54
Q

What is the purpose of the cervical privileged pathways?

A

Allow good sperm to pass through while removing non-motile sperm

55
Q

Sialomucin and Sulfomucin of the privileged pathway

A

Sulomucin: thin, allows sperm through
Sulfomucin: thick, doesn’t allow sperm through

56
Q

Oxytocin causes

A

uterine contractions

57
Q

PGF2AA from where in male? Causes?

A

seminal plasma: causes uterine contractions

58
Q

What happens to sperm head when exposed to the uterine environment?

A

Capacitation: seminal plasma that covered the receptors no longer protects

59
Q

what causes post breeding endometritis?

A

Spermatazoa

casue influx of PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)

60
Q

Role of PMNs brought in by spermatazoa?

A

sperm elimination via phagocytosis

release PGF for myometrial contractions

61
Q

2 Roles of seminal plasma

A

decrease inflammation response

protects good sperm from PMN

62
Q

Where does capacitation take place?

A

Uterus

63
Q

What provides barrier of sperm to oviduct

A

uterotubal junction (oviductal papillae with sphincter)

64
Q

Isthmus of oviduct acts as what for sperm?

A

reservoir for sperm

completion of capacitation

65
Q

Where does fertilization actually take place?

A

Ampulla of oviduct

Reproduction (5 decks)

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