Speech Production Flashcards
Primary Auditory Cortex
Processes heard speech
MId-Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG)
Speech comprehension and phoneme recognition.
Planum Temporale
Sensory-motor integration for speech repetition
Arcuate Fasciculus / Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Connects auditory and motor speech areas.
Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Pars Opercularis & Pars Triangularis
Converts speech sounds into an articulatory code.
Premotor Area / Supplementary Motor Area / Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
Plans and executes speech motor commands.
Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG)
Processes auditory and linguistic information.
Middle-Posterior Region of STG
Important for phonological processing.
Anterior Region of STG
Plays a role in word recognition and semantic processing.
Pars Triangularis & Pars Opercularis (Broca’s Area)
Encodes thoughts into language and connects auditory and motor speech functions.
Ventral Premotor Cortex & Ventral BA6
Involved in motor planning for speech.
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Coordinates sequencing of speech movements
Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
Sends neural signals to cranial nerves for speech execution.
Impaired motor planning
Difficulty programming speech movements.
Inconsistent articulatory errors
Varying mispronunciations of the same word.
Impaired coarticulation
Difficulty transitioning between sounds.
Impaired prosody
Atypical rhythm and intonation.
No motor execution problem
Muscles are functional, but planning is impaired.
Pyramidal Tract
Connects the cortex to cranial nerves for speech control.
Activation sites
Primary Motor Cortex (M1), Ventral Premotor Cortex, and SMA.
Cortico-bulbar and Cortico-spinal tracts
White matter pathways responsible for voluntary speech movements.
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
Controls jaw movement for speech and feeding.
Facial Nerve (VII)
Controls lip and facial movements.
Vagus Nerve (X)
Controls vocal fold function and resonance.
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
Controls tongue movement for articulation.
Action potential
Electrical signal reaching the neuron’s end.
Calcium (Ca++)
Triggers acetylcholine (ACh) release.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter that binds to muscle receptors.
Sodium (Na+)
Influx causes muscle contraction.
