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Cognitive Psychology > Speech Perception > Flashcards

Speech Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 3 challenges of speech perception

A
  • No clear gaps between words
  • Co-articulation
  • Accent, gender and speaking rate vary
  • Time constraints; ‘now-or-never bottleneck’
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2
Q

What order does air travel in to produce speech?

A
  • Lungs
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  • Supralaryngeal vocal tract
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3
Q

What is the supralaryngeal vocal tract made up of?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Oral cavity (+ lips, tongue, teeth)
  • Nasal cavity
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4
Q

What is the purpose of the supralarygeal vocal tract?

A

To shape sounds from the vocal cords

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5
Q

What does a constriction in the vocal tract produce??

A

Consonants

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6
Q

What 3 main features are consonants classified according to?

A
  • Manner
  • Voicing
  • Place of articulation
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7
Q

What are the 3 places of articulation?

A
  • Labial
  • Alveolar
  • Velar
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8
Q

What are 3 examples of consonants produced from the labial place of articulation?

A

/b/, /p/, /v/, /f/, /m/

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of consonants produced from the alveolar place of articulation?

A

/d/, /t/, /z/, /s/, /n/

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10
Q

What are 3 examples of consonants produced from the velar place of articulation?

A

/g/, /k/, /η/

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of manner in consonant production?

A
  • Stop
  • Fricative
  • Nasal
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12
Q

Define sound waves

A

Periodic displacement of air molecules, creating increases and decreases in air pressure

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13
Q

What is amplitude related to?

A

Loudness

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14
Q

What is period related to?

A

Inversely related to frequency

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15
Q

What feature of sound waves is an important cue for pitch?

A

Period (frequency)

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16
Q

What is used to analyse the frequencies of speech?

A

Spectogram

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17
Q

What is a spectogram?

A

Graph showing how sound amplitude varies as a function of time and frequency

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18
Q

Why is a spectogram useful?

A

The ears split sound by frequency, so spectrogram better captures the information available to the brain

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19
Q

What is the ‘source’ in speech production?

A

The larynx

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20
Q

What is the ‘filter’ in speech production?

A

Supralarygeal vocal tract

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21
Q

What is the source important for?

A

Voice pitch and intonation

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22
Q

What is the filter important for?

A

Producing different phonemes (speech sounds)

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23
Q

Filtering appears as ‘formants’; what are these?

A

Bands of energy at certain frequencies

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24
Q

Which 3 formants are the most important cues for speech intelligibility?

A

The three lowest frequencies (F1, F2, F3)

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25
Q

What type of vowel change decreases F2 frequency?

A

Changing from front to back vowels

26
Q

What type of vowel change increases F1 frequency?

A

Changing from high to low vowels

27
Q

Which 2 formants are important cues for identifying consonants?

A

F2 and F3

28
Q

What are the 3 stages of phoneme perception?

A
  1. Continuum of sounds between 2 phonemes
  2. Identification experiment
  3. Discrimination experiment
29
Q

Define categorical perception

A

The tendency to perceive gradual sensory changes in a discrete fashion

30
Q

What are the 3 hallmarks of categorical pereption?

A
  • Abrupt change in identification at phoneme boundary
  • Discrimination peak at phoneme boundary
  • Discrimination predicted from identification (they only sound different if they are different phonemes)
31
Q

What concept is ‘Yanny vs Laurel’ an example of?

A

Categorical perception

32
Q

What is the McGurk illusion an example of?

A

Visual context influencing speech perception

33
Q

What is the Ganong effect an example of?

A

Lexical context influencing speech perception

34
Q

How does source theory describe speech production?

A

Two separate components with distinct perceptual correlates

35
Q

Liberman suggested that speech perception is the result of specialised speech module; what evidence did he point to?

A

Speech, not other sounds, is perceived categorically

36
Q

Liberman suggested that the objects of speech perception are intended articulatory events; what evidence did he point to?

A

Speech sounds are more variable than articulations

37
Q

Wilson et al (2004) found fMRI support for the motor theory of speech perception; what did they find?

A

Passive listening to meaningless monosyllables activates the auditory cortex, and motor/premotor areas

38
Q

Meister et al. (2007) found TMS evidence for the motor theory of speech perception; what did they find?

A

TMS over premotor areas interferes with phoneme discrimination in noise but does not interfere in colour discrimination

39
Q

How did Burns and Ward (1978) criticise motor theory of speech production? - hint: music

A

Categorical perception has been demonstrated for non-speech sounds, such as musical intervals

40
Q

How did Kuhl and Miller (1978) criticise the motor theory of speech production? - hint: chinchillas

A

When trained, chinchillas showed the same phoneme boundary for /da/-/ta/ continuum as humans

41
Q

What area is the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Wernicke’s area

42
Q

What area is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Broca’s area

43
Q

What brain hemisphere does the classic model of speech perception propose is dominant?

A

Left hemisphere

44
Q

How are are the two streams for speech processing engaged?

A

In a task-dependent manner

45
Q

Which stream is involved in mapping speech sounds onto articulatory representations?

A

Dorsal stream

46
Q

Which stream is involved in mapping speech sounds onto lexical representations?

A

Ventral stream

47
Q

What stream do tasks focusing on the perception of speech (e.g. phoneme discrimination) activate?

A

Dorsal stream

48
Q

What stream do tasks focusing on comprehension (e.g. word recognition) activate?

A

Ventral stream

49
Q

Which stream is bilateral?

A

Ventral stream

50
Q

What did Williams et al (2005) find in support of ventral stream processing?

A

Anterior temporal damage associated with semantic impairment

51
Q

What did Bates et al (2003) find in support of ventral stream processing?

A

Inferior temporal damage associated with comprehension details

52
Q

What did Wilson et al (2004) find in support of dorsal stream processing?

A

Listening to syllables activates motor and premotor areas

53
Q

What did Meister et al (2007) find in support of dorsal stream processing?

A

TMS over premotor areas interferes with phoneme discrimination but not colour discrimination

54
Q

What 2 theories of speech perception could Meister et al (2007) be used in support for?

A
  • Motor theory of speech processing
  • Dorsal stream processing
55
Q

What is the ‘uniqueness point’ in the cohort model?

A

The time-point in the speech signal when only one word becomes consistent with speech input, so is recognised before the entire word is heard

56
Q

Give 3 key features of the cohort model of speech processing?

A
  • Words activated immediately upon minimal input
  • Activation of multiple words
  • Lexical competition for recognition
57
Q

What did Marslen-Wilson and Tyler (1981) find in support of the Cohort model?

A

Average response latency was shorter than the average word duration

58
Q

How does the Cohort model suggest learning new words would affect speech processing?

A

Slow down recognition of new words

59
Q

What is a limitation of the Cohort model?

A

It is a verbal model, so difficult to evaluate

60
Q

What is a strength of the TRACE model?

A

Explains context effects, e.g. Ganong effect

61
Q

How does the TRACE model explain the Ganong effect?

A

Word-level activity feeds back to influence lower-level phoneme activity

62
Q

What are the 2 components of TRACE theory?

A
  • Within-layer inhibitory connections for lexical competition
  • Bi-directional excitatory connections between layers

Cognitive Psychology (19 decks)

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