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Cognitive Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sensation

A

Registering stimulation of the senses

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2
Q

Define perception

A

Processing and interpreting sensory information

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3
Q

Define cognition

A

Using perceived information to learn, classify, comprehend

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4
Q

What do mechanoreceptors detect?

A

Air pressure waves, tissue distortion, gravity and acceleration

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5
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

Chemical composition (e.g. taste, olfactory)

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6
Q

What do photoreceptors detect?

A

Electromagnetic energy

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7
Q

Name the cortex electromagnetic energy (light) is processed in.

A

Primary visual cortex

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8
Q

Name the cortex taste information is processed in

A

Gustatory cortex

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9
Q

Name the cortex olfactory information is processed in

A

Olfactory cortex

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10
Q

Name the cortex sound is processed in

A

Auditory cortex

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11
Q

Name the cortex information from the skin is processed in

A

Somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

Name the cortex movement (gravity and acceleration) is processed in

A

Temporal cortex

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13
Q

What is transduction?

A

The conversion of environmental energy to nerve signals

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14
Q

What is the order of information processing?

A

Environmental stimulus - Receptors - Intermediate neurons - Thalamus - Receiving area in cortex - Secondary (associative) cortex - Higher cortex

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15
Q

What order does information pass through the brain?

A

Receiving area in cortex - Secondary (associative) cortex - Higher cortex

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16
Q

What information does not pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfactory information (smell)

17
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Perception begins with physical characteristics of stimuli and basic sensory processes

18
Q

What approach did Gibson (1950) support?

A

Bottom-up processing (“Direct Perception”)

19
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

The perceiver constructs their own understanding of environmental stimuli based on past experience and knowledge

20
Q

What approach to perception did Gregory (1966) support?

A

Top-down processing

21
Q

What methods are used to investigate sensation and perception?

A
  • Staining
  • Single-cell recordings (electrophysiology)
  • fMRI
  • Lesion studies
  • ERP/EEG
  • Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
  • Psychophysics
  • Illusions
  • Computational modelling
22
Q

What are single-cell recordings?

A

Using a microelectrode inserted close to the cell to record the action potential of the neuron

23
Q

What did Quiroga et al. (2005) find?

A

‘Halle Berry neuron’ in the medial temporal lobe of epilepsy patients

24
Q

What are the 2 types of lesion studies?

A

Animal lesioning and neuropsychology

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of animal lesioning?

A
  • Ethical issues
  • Studying a faulty system
  • Brain changes in response to damage
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of neuropsychology?

A
  • Damage can diffuse
  • Individual variation in damage
27
Q

Give an example of “virtual lesions”

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

28
Q

What did Grossman et al. (2005) find?

A

TMS over the posterior superior temporal sulcus disrupts biological motion

29
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Quantifying the relationship between the physical stimulus and the psychological response

30
Q

What is the absolute/detection threshold?

A

The smallest stimulus intensity needed for detection

31
Q

What is the difference threshold?

A

The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected

32
Q

What task is used to measure thresholds in psychophysics?

A

Two alternative forced-choice task

33
Q

What did Blake et al. (2003) find?

A

Disrupted biological motion in autistic children

34
Q

What does the “Spinning Dancer” illusion by Kayahara (2003) demonstrate?

A

Bi-stable perception, as lack of depth cues leads to visual ambiguity

Cognitive Psychology (19 decks)

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