Speech and music Flashcards
chapter 12
phoneme
- smallest unit of sound
- 37 in english
path of producing speech
exhaling from lung to trachea through the larynx an the vocal cords to the pharynx and then the oral and nasal cavities
larynx
the part of the vocal tract that contains the vocal folds
- aka the voice box
vocal folds
- pair of membrane in the larynx that create difference in pitch depending on their shape and size
- aka the vocal cords
pharynx
the uppermost part of the throat that is a passageway in producing speech
uvula
flap of tissue that hangs off the posterior edge of the soft palette that can close off the nasal passage to make most english sounds
oral cavity
the chamber where sound waves travels from the vocal cords to mouth
- its shape and size create different harmonic spectrums
articulation
changing the shape of vocal tract by manipulating the shape of their jaws, lips, tongue and soft palate
producing vowels
produced with relatively unrestricted flow through the pharynx and cavity
- vowels are made of formants
formants
peak in amplitude at different frequencies in the harmonic sound that are present in vowel sounds
- individual peaks in the harmonic spectrum
spectrogram
a graph that includes the dimensions of frequency, amplitude and time that shows how the frequencies corresponding to each sound in an utterance changes over time
producing consonants
- by restricting the flow of air at some places on the path of airflow from the vocal folds
how consonants can be defined
- place of articulation
- manner articulation
- voicing
coarticulation
the influence of one phoneme on the acoustic properties of another due to the articulatory movements required to produce them in sequence
how do we perceive coarticulation as the same
perceptual constancy
and onset (recognize how it starts)
categorical perception
the perception of different sensory stimuli as identical, up to a point at which further variation in the stimulus leads to a sharp change in the perception
voice onset time
in the production of stop consonants the interval between the initial burst of frequencies and the onset of voicing
longer times are mose likely to be stop consonants like p
motor theory of speech
speech is understood in the same ways as it is produced
Mcgurk effect
visual stimuli affects the way we hear stuff.
we make compromise in the visual system to account for what we are hearing
pathway of speech perception
works the same as other sounds and then from the auditory cortex goes to the phonological network then to the dorsal or ventral pathways
- particularly in the left hemisphere
ventral pathway of speech perception
represents meaning of words nd of combinations of words
dorsal pathway of speech perception
regions dedicated to production of speech by the motor system
broca’s areas
involves pseech perception and production
borca’s aphasia
can understand speech but cannot really speak in full sentences
wernicke’s aphasia
damage to wernike’s area in the temporal lobe makes someone have a hard time understanding other and they can speak fluently but the content is disorganized and nonsensical
aphasia
an impaireent in speech production or comprehension by damage in speech centers of the brain
ventriloquist effect
an observer perceives the sound as coming from the seen location rather than the source of the sound which would be determined b auditory cues
- aka visual capture
experiment by sekuler about auditory and speech
balls seem to be passing by eachother but when a sound plays they seem to be crashing into eachother
pitch
the psychological aspect of sounds related to the fundamental frequency
octaves
the interval between two sound frequencies having a 2:1 ration
- the frequency is doubled or halfed moving up or down
semitones
the 12 proportionally equivalent intervals between the notes in an octave
chroma
sound quality that is shared by tones which have the same octave interval
- i.e all as have the same chroma
range of musical instruments
- usually below 4khz
perception of musical fit
our knowledge as non muscicians that allows us to think that certain notes go together
dynamics
the manner in which loudness varies as a piece of music progresses
rhythm
the temporal patterning of events in a muscial composition, encompassing tempo, beat and meter
- not just in music
melody
a sequence of musical notes arranged in a particular rhythmic pattern which listners perceive as a single recognizable unit
scale
a aprticular subset of the notes in an octave
key
the scale that functions as the basis of a musical composition
transpositions
two versions of the same melody containing the same intervals but starting at different notes
chords
three or more notes with different pitches are played simultaneously
- can be consonant or dissonant
consonance
the quality exhibited by a combination of two or more notes from a scale that sounds pleasant as if they go together
dissonance
the quality exhibited by a combination of two or more notes from a scale that sound unpleasant or off
melody development
at 8 month can learn new melodies
- at 7 months can distinguish
nerual pathwya of music
there are specialized aras in the hemispheres beyonf A1 that prcess it.
- the right hemisphere responds more to changes in pitches
amusia
a profound impairment in perceiving and remembering melodies and in distinguishing one melody from another
