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PSYC 363 > Speech and music > Flashcards

Speech and music Flashcards

chapter 12

1
Q

phoneme

A
  • smallest unit of sound
  • 37 in english
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2
Q

path of producing speech

A

exhaling from lung to trachea through the larynx an the vocal cords to the pharynx and then the oral and nasal cavities

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3
Q

larynx

A

the part of the vocal tract that contains the vocal folds
- aka the voice box

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4
Q

vocal folds

A
  • pair of membrane in the larynx that create difference in pitch depending on their shape and size
  • aka the vocal cords
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5
Q

pharynx

A

the uppermost part of the throat that is a passageway in producing speech

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6
Q

uvula

A

flap of tissue that hangs off the posterior edge of the soft palette that can close off the nasal passage to make most english sounds

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7
Q

oral cavity

A

the chamber where sound waves travels from the vocal cords to mouth
- its shape and size create different harmonic spectrums

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8
Q

articulation

A

changing the shape of vocal tract by manipulating the shape of their jaws, lips, tongue and soft palate

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9
Q

producing vowels

A

produced with relatively unrestricted flow through the pharynx and cavity
- vowels are made of formants

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10
Q

formants

A

peak in amplitude at different frequencies in the harmonic sound that are present in vowel sounds
- individual peaks in the harmonic spectrum

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11
Q

spectrogram

A

a graph that includes the dimensions of frequency, amplitude and time that shows how the frequencies corresponding to each sound in an utterance changes over time

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12
Q

producing consonants

A
  • by restricting the flow of air at some places on the path of airflow from the vocal folds
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13
Q

how consonants can be defined

A
  1. place of articulation
  2. manner articulation
  3. voicing
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14
Q

coarticulation

A

the influence of one phoneme on the acoustic properties of another due to the articulatory movements required to produce them in sequence

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15
Q

how do we perceive coarticulation as the same

A

perceptual constancy
and onset (recognize how it starts)

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16
Q

categorical perception

A

the perception of different sensory stimuli as identical, up to a point at which further variation in the stimulus leads to a sharp change in the perception

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17
Q

voice onset time

A

in the production of stop consonants the interval between the initial burst of frequencies and the onset of voicing
longer times are mose likely to be stop consonants like p

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18
Q

motor theory of speech

A

speech is understood in the same ways as it is produced

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19
Q

Mcgurk effect

A

visual stimuli affects the way we hear stuff.
we make compromise in the visual system to account for what we are hearing

20
Q

pathway of speech perception

A

works the same as other sounds and then from the auditory cortex goes to the phonological network then to the dorsal or ventral pathways
- particularly in the left hemisphere

21
Q

ventral pathway of speech perception

A

represents meaning of words nd of combinations of words

22
Q

dorsal pathway of speech perception

A

regions dedicated to production of speech by the motor system

23
Q

broca’s areas

A

involves pseech perception and production

24
Q

borca’s aphasia

A

can understand speech but cannot really speak in full sentences

25
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

damage to wernike’s area in the temporal lobe makes someone have a hard time understanding other and they can speak fluently but the content is disorganized and nonsensical

26
Q

aphasia

A

an impaireent in speech production or comprehension by damage in speech centers of the brain

27
Q

ventriloquist effect

A

an observer perceives the sound as coming from the seen location rather than the source of the sound which would be determined b auditory cues
- aka visual capture

28
Q

experiment by sekuler about auditory and speech

A

balls seem to be passing by eachother but when a sound plays they seem to be crashing into eachother

29
Q

pitch

A

the psychological aspect of sounds related to the fundamental frequency

30
Q

octaves

A

the interval between two sound frequencies having a 2:1 ration
- the frequency is doubled or halfed moving up or down

31
Q

semitones

A

the 12 proportionally equivalent intervals between the notes in an octave

32
Q

chroma

A

sound quality that is shared by tones which have the same octave interval
- i.e all as have the same chroma

33
Q

range of musical instruments

A
  • usually below 4khz
34
Q

perception of musical fit

A

our knowledge as non muscicians that allows us to think that certain notes go together

35
Q

dynamics

A

the manner in which loudness varies as a piece of music progresses

36
Q

rhythm

A

the temporal patterning of events in a muscial composition, encompassing tempo, beat and meter
- not just in music

37
Q

melody

A

a sequence of musical notes arranged in a particular rhythmic pattern which listners perceive as a single recognizable unit

38
Q

scale

A

a aprticular subset of the notes in an octave

39
Q

key

A

the scale that functions as the basis of a musical composition

40
Q

transpositions

A

two versions of the same melody containing the same intervals but starting at different notes

41
Q

chords

A

three or more notes with different pitches are played simultaneously
- can be consonant or dissonant

42
Q

consonance

A

the quality exhibited by a combination of two or more notes from a scale that sounds pleasant as if they go together

43
Q

dissonance

A

the quality exhibited by a combination of two or more notes from a scale that sound unpleasant or off

44
Q

melody development

A

at 8 month can learn new melodies
- at 7 months can distinguish

45
Q

nerual pathwya of music

A

there are specialized aras in the hemispheres beyonf A1 that prcess it.
- the right hemisphere responds more to changes in pitches

46
Q

amusia

A

a profound impairment in perceiving and remembering melodies and in distinguishing one melody from another

PSYC 363 (8 decks)

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