Gustation

Question 1

gustation

Answer 1

a chemical sense involved with taste

Question 2

flavor

Answer 2

the perception of taste
- =taste + olfaction
- influenced by smell, intensity, mouth feel….

Question 3

retronasal olfactory sentation

Answer 3

the sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose
- smells coming from mouth while eating

Question 4

what happens if we lose our taste but not our smell

Answer 4

we still wont be able to taste

Question 5

chorda tympani

Answer 5

the branch of cranial nerv 9 that carries taste info from the anterior, mobile tongue

Question 6

trigeminal sense

Answer 6

the sense that signals the presence of irritant in the mouth and contribute to the mouth feel of food
- like spicy or menthol

Question 7

properties of taste

Answer 7

• onset/aftertaste
• intensity
• qualities (sweet, salty…)
• hedonics
• localization

Question 8

tastetants

Answer 8

molecules that taste receptors recognize and respond to by producing neural signals that the brain represents as perceptions of different tastes
- they get dissolved in saliva

Question 9

salt

Answer 9

• contain cation and anion
• it changes over time and the intensity can change

Question 10

sweet

Answer 10

• glucos, sucrose of fructose
• one type of receptor for sweet food
• artificial sweeteners also bind there

Question 11

sour

Answer 11

• comes from acidic substances
• can be dangerous at high concentrations

Question 12

biter

Answer 12

• usually unpleasant
• can signal toxic food
• quinine is a prototypical biter substance

Question 13

umani

Answer 13

• savory flavor that typically indicates proteins
• msgs

Question 14

papillae

Answer 14

tiny structures on surfaces of th mouth mainly on the tongue that contain taste buds

Question 15

filiform

Answer 15

papillae that have no taste buds

Question 16

circumvallate

Answer 16

circular shaped structures that form a v shape on the back of the tongue
- we only have 8-12 of these but they have 200-700 tastebuds

Question 17

foliate

Answer 17

• folds of tissue containing taste buds on the rear of th tongue
• small ridges on the back and side
• few hundred buds in the folds

Question 19

fungiform

Answer 19

• mushroom shaped papillae distributed densely on the sides and tip of tongue
• about 6 in each

Question 20

taste bud

Answer 20

structures that contain receptors within the papillae
- each bud contain 40-100 taste receptor cells

Question 21

taste receptor cell

Answer 21

elongated neurons packed within the taste buds that transduce tastants into neural signals
- contain cilia
- die after a week

Question 22

cilia

Answer 22

slender projections on the tips of some taste buds that extend into the taste pore
- contain the binding sites

Question 23

receptor cells

Answer 23

a type of trc that contains receptors that initate transduction of sweet, umami, and bitter
- g coupled
- one type of receptor on cilia

Question 24

presynaptic cells

Answer 24

type of TRC that are in the form of ion channels that transduce salty and sour
- each neuron has a channel for both
- synapse with cranial nerve fibers

Question 25

inhibition

Answer 25

process where descending signals block pain reception in the mouth so we can still eat even when hurt

Question 27

two models of signal passage

Answer 27

1. labeled line model
2. across fiber pattern model

Question 28

labeled line model

Answer 28

each cranial nerve fiber carries information about a single taste quality from a single type of receptor

Question 29

across fiber pattern model

Answer 29

cranial nerve fibres carry information about combinations of taste qualities from multiple types of receptors
- population coding

Question 30

cranial nerve in taste

Answer 30

7 9 and 10

Question 31

gustation pathway

Answer 31

cranial nerves - nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem - ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus - and then to the cortex - then to the amygdala, hippocampus or oFC

Question 32

primary taste cortex

Answer 32

• split between the anterior insular cortex and the frontal operculum
• it represents taste quality

Question 33

amygdala

Answer 33

representation of emotion

Question 34

hypothalamus

Answer 34

representation of hunger

Question 35

orbitofrontal cortex (ofc)

Answer 35

representation of reward value of food

Question 36

specific hunger theory

Answer 36

the idea that a deficiency of a particular nutrient produces a craving for it
- only for sweet and salty

Question 37

taste adaptation

Answer 37

constant application of certain foods temporarily weakens subsequent perception

Question 38

cross adaptation

Answer 38

taste of one food can affect the taste of another
- sour gets worse after eating sweet

Question 39

supertaster

Answer 39

having the gene and a high density of fungiform papillae makes you habe the most intenst taste sensations

Question 40

orthonasal olfaction

Answer 40

smelling through the nostrils
- good smells dont always make you want to eat it
- can affect aversion

Question 41

capsaicin

Answer 41

• the chemical that produces the burn in chilis
• binds to heat receptors
• variability on people who like/dont like spicy foods