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Neuroscience > Speech and Language > Flashcards

Speech and Language Flashcards

1
Q

Define Speech

A

Method of VERBAL LANGUAGE communication involving the PRODUCTION and ARTICULATION of WORDS

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2
Q

What are the four neuromuscular coordination processes required for speech?

A

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
Resonation

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3
Q

Breathing that provides power necessary for speech is known as

A

RESPIRATION

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4
Q

Production of sound by muscle contraction is known as

A

PHONATION

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5
Q

Formation of Recognizable speech by mouth is known as

A

ARTICULTION

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6
Q

Sound quality shaped by throat is known as

A

RESONATION

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7
Q

Normal Speech consists of wht 5 features

A
  1. Production of sounds of speech
  2. combination of sounds
  3. Voice Quality
  4. Voice Intonation
  5. Rate
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8
Q

The sounds of language are called

A

Phonemes

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9
Q

Phonemes vary in different languages, describe the American English Phoneme.

A

20 consonant sounds

20 vowel sounds

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10
Q

Hoe does one produce consonants?

A

By closing the vocal tube at one of several places

English ex: Mouth-/b/ /p/ /m/, Tongue against palate /g/ /k/

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11
Q

How does one add emphasis or indicate a question or command in speech?

A

By adding intonation to syllables or sentences

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12
Q

How can one change a phoneme?

A

By altering breathing rate, force, and tone of muscles or articulatory elements

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13
Q

What is the vocal tract made up of?

A

It is a tube with 2 flexible flaps just above the lungs and its diaphragm muscles. Together they create air pressure when we breathe out.

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14
Q

What is language?

A

Rule based symptom of symbolic communication involving small units that come together to form larger forms. This can be done via speech or writing.

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15
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of language?

A 
Phronology
Morphology
Syntax 
Semantics
Pragmatics
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16
Q

Rules determining how sounds can be sequenced is known as

A

Phronology

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17
Q

Rules for the meaning of sounds is known as

A

Morphology

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18
Q

Rules for a language’s grammar is known as

A

syntax

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19
Q

Rules for the meaning of words is known as

A

Semantics

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20
Q

Rules for communication (prosodyl, gestures, intonation) is known as

A

Pragmatics

21
Q

Define communication

A
  1. process used to exhange information with others
  2. includes the ability to produce and comprehend messages of all types (needs, feelings, desires, perception, ideas, and knowledge)
22
Q

Name 2 modalities of communication and what they refre to

A
  1. Linguistic- language based
  2. Nonlinguistic- gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance

*90% + nfo is communicated non verbally

23
Q

Melody of language is known as

A

Prosody

24
Q

What language process conveys emotion?

A

Prosody - when the pitch changes

25
Q

A patient repeating tan tan indicates what type of brakdown due to a pathology in the frontal operculum or pars triangularis.

A

Motor Break down

Frontal operculum and pars triangularis is also known as Broca’s area

26
Q

What are the functions of the 2 main areas in Broca’s area?

A

Area 44: Posterior inferior frontal gyrus
involved in phonological prcessing faciliatated by its location near face representations in the cortical motor areas

Area 45: anterior inferior frontal gyrus
Involved in semantics and verbal memory (selecting and manipulating semantic elements)

27
Q

How is auditory information processed in Wernicke’s area?

A

the structure of the signal is associated with the representation of a word stored in your memory to help you retrieve the meaning of the particular word

28
Q

What is the Brodmann classification for supramarginal and angular gyri?

A

40 and 39 respectively (of inferior parietal lobule)

29
Q

The angular and cingulate gyri are imporant for what language process?

A

semantic processing

30
Q

What language process is the supramarginal gyrus associated with?

A

phonological and artiulatory processing of words

31
Q

What does it mean for Area 39 and 40 to be multimodal?

A

They receive auditory, visual, and somatosesory inputs, enabling their neurons to process the phonological and semantic aspects of language to identify and categorize objects

32
Q

Experiment has shown that different word categories cause a shift of activity where in the brain?

A

Different regions of the temporal lobe

33
Q

What are homonyms

A

words with same pronunciation but different spillings

34
Q

What portions of brain are activated by homonyms?

A

left hemisphere posterior central sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus

35
Q

What portions of the brain are activated by synonyms?

A

broad regions in the inferior temporal and frontal lobes

36
Q

What are the risk factors for reducing 1.Broca’s area volume? Brocas area activation?

A
  1. Increased # years drinking
  2. Decreased SES*

*Fractional Ansiostropy (conductivity in white matter increases/ synaptic strength increases) increases with intensive intervention -

37
Q

Where did the vocal apparatus likely evolve from?

A

Limbic-related, non-cortical areas

38
Q

Describe 4 speech sound disorders

A

Substitutions
Omissions
Distortions
Additions

39
Q

Give 2 examples of fluency disorders

A

Stuttering and cluttering

40
Q

Describe the voice characteristics of a phonation disorder?

A

Breathy, horse, husky or strained

41
Q

Describe resonance disorders

A

Hyper-or Hypo-nasality

42
Q

What are the two voice disorders

A

Phonation Disorder and Resonance disorders

43
Q

What are the two language impairments/

A

Expressive language impairment

Receptive Language Impairment

44
Q

Define Anarthria

A

malfunction that controsls the motor aspects of speech preventing articulation

45
Q

Describe Alexia

A

damage to the inferior part of the left occipital and temporal lobes causing an individual to not be able to read- though he or she can still write

46
Q

Name 7 common causes of communication disorders (and examples)

A 
Environment (SES, Malnutrition)
Neurodegeneration (Parkinson's, alcoholism)
Genetic (VFCS)
Idiopathic (Autism)
Trauma
Tumor/Infection
Vascular disturbance
47
Q

Right hemisphere damage causes 2 types of disorders. What are they

A

Communicaiton deficits that involve the interpretation of context:

1) Indirect Context Disorders
2) Direct Context Disorders

48
Q

Define Indirect context Disorders and give 2 examples

A

difficulties interacting with your environment

  • Hemineglect: inattention to stimuli on the left side of the body
  • Anosognosia- unawareness of deficits
49
Q

Define Direct context Disorders and give 2 examples

A

Pragmatic Communication Disorders affect communication and cognition directly

  • Prosody (Aprosodia)
  • Discourse Organization
  • Comprehension of non-literal language

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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