speech and language

Question 1

what is communication through vocalized sounds(phonation) that form spoken words and sentences

Answer 1

speech

Question 2

define phonation

Answer 2

direct sounds produced by the larynx

Question 3

define phoneme

Answer 3

a distinct sound that contrasts with others( Amer. English = 25 consonant and 17 vowel phonemes)

Question 4

disturbance of phonation causing alteration of volume (hyper and hypophonia)

Answer 4

dysphonia

Question 5

disturbance of articulation caused by impaired motor control resulting in slurring of speech

Answer 5

dysarthria

Question 6

absence of phonation

Answer 6

mutism

Question 7

Examination of speech:

when you are examining spontaneous speech, which three aspects should you listen for?

Answer 7

speech volume

rate of speech

articulation

Question 8

in which condition is speech volume increased?

decreased

Answer 8

increased in hearing deficits

decreased in vocal cord and extrapyramidal disorders - eg Parkinson’s

Question 9

rate of speech increased in ______; decreased in ______

Answer 9

increased in fluent aphasia

decreased in non-fluent aphasia

Question 10

artciulation is abnormal in which type of disorders? (3)

Answer 10

CNS and PNS disorders and in end-organ lesions

Question 11

system of arbitrary symbols(sounds, writtten symbols, gestures) that permit communiation of thoughts, ideas, emotions

Answer 11

language

Question 12

what is aphasia?

Answer 12

loss of ability for spoken and written language

Question 13

what is alexia?

Answer 13

loss of the ability to read when no visual impairment exists

Question 14

what is agraphia?

Answer 14

loss of the ability to write when no motor impairment exists

Question 15

language errors due to word or sound subsitution

Answer 15

paraphasia

Question 16

define semantic paraphasia

Answer 16

substitution of one word for another( eg fork for spoon)

Question 17

define phonemic paraphasia

Answer 17

substitution of one sound for another ( eg moon for spoon)

Question 18

define neologism

Answer 18

creation of meaningless word (eg woon for spoon)

Question 19

the meaning or the interpretation of a word, sentence, or other lanugage form (ie language lexicon)

Answer 19

semantics

Question 20

system of rules (grammar) implicit in a language, viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language

Answer 20

syntax

Question 21

define prosody

Answer 21

tone, inflection, volume of words and sentences that add meaning to language

Question 22

broadmann’s number for Wernicke’s area?

Answer 22

22

Question 23

brodmann’s numbers for Broca’s area

Answer 23

44, 45

Question 24

what fasciculus connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area

Answer 24

arcuate fasciculus

Question 25

3 main language disorders?

Answer 25

broca's aphasia Wernicke's aphasia Conduction aphasia

Question 26

describes what: 1. expressive or motor aphasia 2. nonfluent speech, difficulty with syntax, grammar, and **production of individual words ** 3. comprehension is intact

Answer 26

Broca's aphasia

Question 27

**_decribes what?_** 1. receptive or sensory aphasia 2. fluent speech, syntax, and grammar, and structure of words is intact 3. Difficulty with **_comprehension of speech _** 4. produces nonsensical words and phrases

Answer 27

Wernicke Aphasia (22)

Question 28

which disorder: difficulty repeating words both comprehension and production of language intact?

Answer 28

conduction aphasia

Question 29

lateralization of language: in \>95% of right handed ppl, which hemisphere is dominant for language?

Answer 29

left hemisphere dominant

Question 30

1. ~65 of left handed ppl are dominant in which hemisphere for language? 2. 15-20% of lefties are dominant in which hemisphere for language? 3. remainder of lefties are _____ dominant?

Answer 30

1. right handed ppl = left hemisphere dominant 2. left-handed ppl, right hemisphere dominant 3. remainder have mixed dominance

Question 31

Brocas area (44,45) in which hemisphere for most right handed ppl?

Answer 31

left

Question 32

calcarine cotex = which cortex

Answer 32

visual

Question 33

what are two functions (language related) common to both the left and right hemispheres?

Answer 33

**analysis of visual field** (left hemisphere analyzes right visual fied; right hemisphere analyzes left visual field) **stereognosis**

Question 34

what are three language functions specific to the left hemisphere?

Answer 34

1. lexical and syntactic language 2. writing 3. speech

Question 35

what are 2 functions specific to right hemisphere (language related)

Answer 35

1. emotional coloring of language(prosody) 2. rudimentary speech 3. spatial abilities

Question 36

what is normal verbal output of 100-150 words/min; assess through spontaneous conversation

Answer 36

expression

Question 37

what is tested when you test ability to follow simple and complex spoken commands

Answer 37

comprehension of spoken language

Question 38

what is tested when you ask a subject to repeat single words and phrases

Answer 38

repetition

Question 39

what is tested when you ask subject to read aloud and follow a written command

Answer 39

reading

Question 40

what is tested when you ask a subject to write a simple sentence

Answer 40

writing

Question 41

what is tested when you ask a subject to identify common objects

Answer 41

naming

Question 42

what are the six components of language testing

Answer 42

expression comprehension of spoken language repetition reading writing naming

Question 43

1. What type of syndrome is Broca's aphasia? 2. What are three key characteristics of Broca's aphasia(what is redcued, what is spared, which brodmann's areas)? 3. what is the MC cause of Broca's aphasia? 4. repetition in Broca's aphasia?

Answer 43

1. non-fluent, expressive aphasia 2. a. reduced verbal output (\<50 words/min) b. comprehesion usually spared, but some trouble with understanind complex syntactical alnguage c. lesion location, Brodmann's areas 44 and 45 3. stroke 4. repetition poor, agrammatic

Question 44

What type of syndrome is Wernicke's aphasia? 1. verbal output? 2. how is comprehension ? 3. where is lesion located? 4. what causes the lesion? 5. repetition?

Answer 44

Perisylvian syndrome (fluent, receptive- aphasia) 1. verbal output normal or increased: ~200 words/min 2. comprehension seriously impaired (also sentences devoind of meaningful language, most noticeable is absence of nouns replaced by pronouns and prepositions) 3. lesion located in Brodmann's area 22 4. MC cause = stroke 5. repetition poor, paraphasic errors are common; neologism common

Question 45

which perisylvian syndrome is characterized by serious impiarment of both expressive and receptive language function? what lesion causes the above symptoms?

Answer 45

1. global aphasia ( nonfluent, paraphasic erros) 2. lesion involves large area of the left hemiphseres and causes are similar to that of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia (stroke)

Question 46

**which perisylvian syndrome condition characterized by: ** 1. comprehension and fluency relatively good 2. repition is poor 3. paraphasic errors are common **where is the lesion located? ** **what is the most common cause of the lesion? **

Answer 46

1. conduction aphasia 2. lesion located in supramarginal gyrus and arcuate fasciculus 3. mc cause = occlusion of the angular branch of the left middle cerebral artery

Question 47

which extra-sylvian syndrome is characterizedby: 1. uncommon aphasia similar to broca's exect that subjects are able to repeat 2. lesion location is left anterior frontal lobe, either superior or inferior to Broca's area, lesions of the left basal ganglia may be a rare lesion site 3. cause similar to Broca's

Answer 47

Transcortical motor aphasia

Question 48

which extra-sylvian syndrome is characterizedby: 1. unocmmon aphasia similar to Wernicke's expect that subjects are able to repeat 2. lesion location = border zone btw the left middle cerebral and posterior cerebral areteries 3. causes similar to Wernicke's but also **_severe hypotension _**

Answer 48

transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 49

lesion characterizedby: 1. uncommon aphasia similar to global aphasia expect subjects are able to repeat 2. lesion location = border zone btw the left middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries 3. causes are stroke and severe hypotension

Answer 49

mixed transcortical aphasia

Question 50

lesion characterized by: 1. poorly defined since all aphasias have naming difficulty 2. lesion location may be anywhere in language area

Answer 50

anomic aphasia

Question 51

what is an anomic aphasia characterized by: anomia alexia, agraphia, right-left disorientation, acalculia, finger agnosia, lesion localized to l**_eft anglular gyrus (area 39) _**

Answer 51

Gerstmann syndrome

Question 52

what are the 6 extra-sylvian syndromes?

Answer 52

transcortical motor aphasia transcortical sensory aphasia mixed transcortical aphasia anomic aphasia subcortical aphasia alexia w/out agraphia

Question 53

which lesion is characterized by: subjects with lesions of the left basal ganglia or left thalamus may be associated with variable forms of aphasia

Answer 53

subcortical aphasia

Question 54

aphasia characterized by: 1. inability to read but preserved ability to write 2. lesion location is the left medial occipital and medial temporal lobe involving the **_splenium of the corpus callosum _** 3. cause is branch occlusion of the **_left posterior cerebral artery _**

Answer 54

alexia without agraphia

Question 55

what causes alexia w/out agraphia?

Answer 55

branch occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery

Question 56

what is alexia without agraphia?

Answer 56

inability to read but preseved ability to write lesion location is left medial occipital and medial temporal lobe involving the splenium ofthe corpus callosum. cause: branch occlusion of left posterior cerebral artery one example of a lesion that would cause this is: lesion of left visual cortex and splenium of the corpus callosum