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Neuro week1 > speech and language > Flashcards

speech and language Flashcards

1
Q

what is communication through vocalized sounds(phonation) that form spoken words and sentences

A

speech

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2
Q

define phonation

A

direct sounds produced by the larynx

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3
Q

define phoneme

A

a distinct sound that contrasts with others( Amer. English = 25 consonant and 17 vowel phonemes)

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4
Q

disturbance of phonation causing alteration of volume (hyper and hypophonia)

A

dysphonia

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5
Q

disturbance of articulation caused by impaired motor control resulting in slurring of speech

A

dysarthria

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6
Q

absence of phonation

A

mutism

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7
Q

Examination of speech:

when you are examining spontaneous speech, which three aspects should you listen for?

A

speech volume

rate of speech

articulation

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8
Q

in which condition is speech volume increased?

decreased

A

increased in hearing deficits

decreased in vocal cord and extrapyramidal disorders - eg Parkinson’s

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9
Q

rate of speech increased in ______; decreased in ______

A

increased in fluent aphasia

decreased in non-fluent aphasia

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10
Q

artciulation is abnormal in which type of disorders? (3)

A

CNS and PNS disorders and in end-organ lesions

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11
Q

system of arbitrary symbols(sounds, writtten symbols, gestures) that permit communiation of thoughts, ideas, emotions

A

language

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12
Q

what is aphasia?

A

loss of ability for spoken and written language

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13
Q

what is alexia?

A

loss of the ability to read when no visual impairment exists

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14
Q

what is agraphia?

A

loss of the ability to write when no motor impairment exists

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15
Q

language errors due to word or sound subsitution

A

paraphasia

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16
Q

define semantic paraphasia

A

substitution of one word for another( eg fork for spoon)

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17
Q

define phonemic paraphasia

A

substitution of one sound for another ( eg moon for spoon)

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18
Q

define neologism

A

creation of meaningless word (eg woon for spoon)

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19
Q

the meaning or the interpretation of a word, sentence, or other lanugage form (ie language lexicon)

A

semantics

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20
Q

system of rules (grammar) implicit in a language, viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language

A

syntax

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21
Q

define prosody

A

tone, inflection, volume of words and sentences that add meaning to language

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22
Q

broadmann’s number for Wernicke’s area?

A

22

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23
Q

brodmann’s numbers for Broca’s area

A

44, 45

24
Q

what fasciculus connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area

A

arcuate fasciculus

25
Q

3 main language disorders?

A

broca’s aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia

Conduction aphasia

26
Q

describes what:

  1. expressive or motor aphasia
  2. nonfluent speech, difficulty with syntax, grammar, and **production of individual words **
  3. comprehension is intact
A

Broca’s aphasia

27
Q

decribes what?

  1. receptive or sensory aphasia
  2. fluent speech, syntax, and grammar, and structure of words is intact
  3. Difficulty with _comprehension of speech _
  4. produces nonsensical words and phrases
A

Wernicke Aphasia (22)

28
Q

which disorder:

difficulty repeating words

both comprehension and production of language intact?

A

conduction aphasia

29
Q

lateralization of language:

in >95% of right handed ppl, which hemisphere is dominant for language?

A

left hemisphere dominant

30
Q
  1. ~65 of left handed ppl are dominant in which hemisphere for language?
  2. 15-20% of lefties are dominant in which hemisphere for language?
  3. remainder of lefties are _____ dominant?
A
  1. right handed ppl = left hemisphere dominant
  2. left-handed ppl, right hemisphere dominant
  3. remainder have mixed dominance
31
Q

Brocas area (44,45) in which hemisphere for most right handed ppl?

A

left

32
Q

calcarine cotex = which cortex

A

visual

33
Q

what are two functions (language related) common to both the left and right hemispheres?

A

analysis of visual field (left hemisphere analyzes right visual fied; right hemisphere analyzes left visual field)

stereognosis

34
Q

what are three language functions specific to the left hemisphere?

A
  1. lexical and syntactic language
  2. writing
  3. speech
35
Q

what are 2 functions specific to right hemisphere (language related)

A
  1. emotional coloring of language(prosody)
  2. rudimentary speech
  3. spatial abilities
36
Q

what is normal verbal output of 100-150 words/min; assess through spontaneous conversation

A

expression

37
Q

what is tested when you test ability to follow simple and complex spoken commands

A

comprehension of spoken language

38
Q

what is tested when you ask a subject to repeat single words and phrases

A

repetition

39
Q

what is tested when you ask subject to read aloud and follow a written command

A

reading

40
Q

what is tested when you ask a subject to write a simple sentence

A

writing

41
Q

what is tested when you ask a subject to identify common objects

A

naming

42
Q

what are the six components of language testing

A

expression

comprehension of spoken language

repetition

reading

writing

naming

43
Q
  1. What type of syndrome is Broca’s aphasia?
  2. What are three key characteristics of Broca’s aphasia(what is redcued, what is spared, which brodmann’s areas)?
  3. what is the MC cause of Broca’s aphasia?
  4. repetition in Broca’s aphasia?
A
  1. non-fluent, expressive aphasia
  2. a. reduced verbal output (<50 words/min)
    b. comprehesion usually spared, but some trouble with understanind complex syntactical alnguage
    c. lesion location, Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45
  3. stroke
  4. repetition poor, agrammatic
44
Q

What type of syndrome is Wernicke’s aphasia?

  1. verbal output?
  2. how is comprehension ?
  3. where is lesion located?
  4. what causes the lesion?
  5. repetition?
A

Perisylvian syndrome (fluent, receptive- aphasia)

  1. verbal output normal or increased: ~200 words/min
  2. comprehension seriously impaired (also sentences devoind of meaningful language, most noticeable is absence of nouns replaced by pronouns and prepositions)
  3. lesion located in Brodmann’s area 22
  4. MC cause = stroke
  5. repetition poor, paraphasic errors are common; neologism common
45
Q

which perisylvian syndrome is characterized by serious impiarment of both expressive and receptive language function?

what lesion causes the above symptoms?

A
  1. global aphasia ( nonfluent, paraphasic erros)
  2. lesion involves large area of the left hemiphseres and causes are similar to that of Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia (stroke)
46
Q

**which perisylvian syndrome condition characterized by: **

  1. comprehension and fluency relatively good
  2. repition is poor
  3. paraphasic errors are common

**where is the lesion located? **

**what is the most common cause of the lesion? **

A
  1. conduction aphasia
  2. lesion located in supramarginal gyrus and arcuate fasciculus
  3. mc cause = occlusion of the angular branch of the left middle cerebral artery
47
Q

which extra-sylvian syndrome is characterizedby:

  1. uncommon aphasia similar to broca’s exect that subjects are able to repeat
  2. lesion location is left anterior frontal lobe, either superior or inferior to Broca’s area, lesions of the left basal ganglia may be a rare lesion site
  3. cause similar to Broca’s
A

Transcortical motor aphasia

48
Q

which extra-sylvian syndrome is characterizedby:

  1. unocmmon aphasia similar to Wernicke’s expect that subjects are able to repeat
  2. lesion location = border zone btw the left middle cerebral and posterior cerebral areteries
  3. causes similar to Wernicke’s but also _severe hypotension _
A

transcortical sensory aphasia

49
Q

lesion characterizedby:

  1. uncommon aphasia similar to global aphasia expect subjects are able to repeat
  2. lesion location = border zone btw the left middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries
  3. causes are stroke and severe hypotension
A

mixed transcortical aphasia

50
Q

lesion characterized by:

  1. poorly defined since all aphasias have naming difficulty
  2. lesion location may be anywhere in language area
A

anomic aphasia

51
Q

what is an anomic aphasia characterized by: anomia alexia, agraphia, right-left disorientation, acalculia, finger agnosia, lesion localized to l_eft anglular gyrus (area 39) _

A

Gerstmann syndrome

52
Q

what are the 6 extra-sylvian syndromes?

A

transcortical motor aphasia

transcortical sensory aphasia

mixed transcortical aphasia

anomic aphasia

subcortical aphasia

alexia w/out agraphia

53
Q

which lesion is characterized by: subjects with lesions of the left basal ganglia or left thalamus may be associated with variable forms of aphasia

A

subcortical aphasia

54
Q

aphasia characterized by:

  1. inability to read but preserved ability to write
  2. lesion location is the left medial occipital and medial temporal lobe involving the _splenium of the corpus callosum _
  3. cause is branch occlusion of the _left posterior cerebral artery _
A

alexia without agraphia

55
Q

what causes alexia w/out agraphia?

A

branch occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery

56
Q

what is alexia without agraphia?

A

inability to read but preseved ability to write

lesion location is left medial occipital and medial temporal lobe involving the splenium ofthe corpus callosum.

cause: branch occlusion of left posterior cerebral artery

one example of a lesion that would cause this is: lesion of left visual cortex and splenium of the corpus callosum

Neuro week1 (9 decks)

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