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Neuro week1 > review of cellular neuroanatomy > Flashcards

review of cellular neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

three roles of glia

A

physical support

electrical insulation for impulse conductance

metabolic exchange btw the vascular system and the NS

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2
Q

what is the cell’s supply station? (produces proteins and provides metabolic function)

A

soma

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3
Q

what are the cell’s receiver inputs? receive electrial impulses from other axons

A

dendrites

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4
Q

how many axons in a neuron?

A

one

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5
Q

electrial output of the cell is via the ____

A

axon

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6
Q

what are dendritic spines?

functions?

A

membranous protrusions from the dendrite. spines recieve:

synaptic inputs, transmit electrical signals to the dendrite, serve as an anatomical substrate for synaptic transmission, synaptic plastiticity, and memory storage.

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7
Q

what is gray matter?

A

unmyelinated tissue - primarily soma and dendrites

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8
Q

what is white matter?

A

tissue containing myelinated axons(myelin = lipid wrapping on axons, appearance = white in unstained tissue)

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9
Q

what are Nissl bodies? composition? function?

A

basophillic masses - **primarily of rough ER and ribosomes. function: protein synthesis. **

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10
Q

what ndoes NIssl stain indicate?

A

primarily indicates **cell bodies and proximal dendrites (not axons) **

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11
Q

where does NIssl substance not extend?

A

does not extend into axon hillock or axons

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12
Q

where do dendrites originate

A

the soma

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13
Q

how do they branch?

A

branch and form dendritic tree

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14
Q

what occurs at dendritic spines?

A

spines = where dendrites receive informatin from other neurons (especially excitatory inputs)

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15
Q

which type of neuron has a pear shaped soma, and prominent apical dendrites as bell as basal dendrites?

A

pyramidal cell

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16
Q

a singel _______ at the soma of a neuron? what does it form? what does it lack?

A
  1. axon
  2. forms an axon hillock
  3. free of cell organelles
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17
Q

what is the initial segment of an axon?

A

the portion of the axon from the hillock to the the beginning of myelination

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18
Q

when is a neuron called a motor neuron?

A

when its axon connects to an effector organ (eg muscle, gland)

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19
Q

why are long axons myelinated?

A

for electrial insulation resulting in faster nerve impulse conduction.

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20
Q

what are collaterals?

A

major branches of an axon

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21
Q

what is the site of action potential initiation?

A

axon initial segment (AIS)

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22
Q

what are three general neuron types?

A

multipolar neuron

pseudounipolar neurons

bipolar neurons

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23
Q

unipolar neurons have a single ______. do they exist in mature vertebrae?

A

have a single neurite(process- axon or dendrite).

do not exist in mature vertebrae(common in insects)

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24
Q

which type of neurons seen in dorsal root ganglion?

A

pseudounipolar

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25
Q

how to Golgi stains (silver stains) stain neurons?

A

generally stain a random subset of cells but show the enitre morphology of those cells.

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26
Q

what are principal cells? which neuron is an example of a principle cell?

A

principal cell = projection neuron

pyramidal neuron = example of principal cell

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27
Q

what is a function of a principal cell?

what type of golgi neuron is a principal cell?

A

principal cell = projection neuron that integrates ifnormation and sends axons to other brain areas (a projection is the path of an axon from one brain area to another).

Golgi TYPE 1 cells = long projecting axons

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28
Q

what are interneurons? provide some examples. what type of golgi cells are they?

A

interneurons = cells that do notsend their axon out of the local brain area (eg chandelier cells, basket cells, double bouquet cells)

l**ocal circuit neurons **

**GOLGI type 2 cells b/c either no axon or short, local axon **

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29
Q

what are specialized juctions that alloow neural signals to be communicated from one cell to another( or from neuron to another effector)?

A

synapses

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30
Q

what are the two types of synapses? how are they different?

A

electrical and chemical.

electrical = formed as direct connections from one cell to another via gap juctions

chemical synapses = electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron is transduced into release of a chemical transmiteer that transverse a synaptic cleft btw cells to bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron (or effector)

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31
Q

where are most(but not all) exictatory synapses in the brain located?

A

DENDRITIC spines

32
Q

what is the synapse between a neuron and muscle?

A

neuromuscular juction

33
Q

synapses can be classified by subcellular target. what are the four types of major synapses

A

axodendritic (axon to dendrite. location of most excitatory synapses = axospinous= subset of axodendritic)

axoaxonic synapse = axon to axon synaptic contact

dendrodendritic = dendrite to dendrite

34
Q

t/f. vertebrate chemical synapses are unidirectional.

A

TRUE

35
Q

what does the presynapci (or axonal varicosity) contain?

A

vesicles called synaptic vesicles that contain the neurotransmitter

36
Q

on an inocming nerve impulse what does entry of Ca2+ cause synaptic vesicles todo?

A

Ca2+ –> release of contents of synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft

37
Q

specialized receptor proteins located in postsynaptic density bind the neurotransmitter and generate anotehr electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.

A
38
Q

excitatory synapses increase the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential. two examples of exciatatory neurotransmistters and their receptors.

A

acetylcholine - Nicotinic receptor

glutamate - AMPA, NMDA receptor

39
Q

inhibitory synapses reduce the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP. what are examples of inhibitory neurotranmistters? what are their receptors?

A

glycine

GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid) - at GABA(a) receptors

40
Q

modulatory synapses influence how excitatory and inhibitory signals are integrated. Examples are synapses using which four neuro transmitters?

A

dopamine

norepinephirne

acetylcholine - muscurinic receptors

GABA- at GABA(B) receptors

41
Q

What are Gray’s Type 1 synapses?

describe their post-synaptic density

A

Gray’s type 1 synapses = excitatory (eg excitatory amino acids) and assymetric (pronounced post synaptic density)

42
Q

What are Gray’s Type 2 synapse?

A

Inhibitory (GABA, glycine)

Symmettrical(thin post-synaptic density- same density as presynaptic membrane)

43
Q

where are Gray’s type I synapses found (excitatory)?

A

dendrites

44
Q

where are gray’s type 2 synapse(inhibitory) found?

A

on soma ==> inhibition of receiving cell’s activity

45
Q

what are electrical synapses composed of?

A

gap juctions

46
Q

what are gap junctions composed of?

A

connexons

47
Q

function of connexon

A

a direct, passive flow of electrial current from one cell to the next is achieved via large channels = connexons

48
Q

what are connexons made up of?

A

one connexon = 6 connexins

when connexon from each cell become opposed, a low resistance pathway (pore) called gap juction is formed btw thetwocells

49
Q

t/f. electrical synapses can be bidirectional.

A

TRUE. electrical synapses can be bidirectional (eitehr call can be both pre and post synaptic)

50
Q

how are protein packaged in soma of axon transported?

A

microtubules

51
Q

how does kinesin move cargo vesicles along soma?

A

kinesin moves cargo anterograde= away from soma

52
Q

dynein moves cargo vesicles _______

A

retrograde = toward the soma

53
Q

t/f. glia outnumber neurons 10:1 and make up ~50% of brain volume

A

true

54
Q

what are the two major types of astrocytes?

A

fibrous and protoplasmic

55
Q

provide myelination in the PNS

A

schwann cells

56
Q

provide myelination in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

57
Q

two major types: fibrous and protoplasmic

general support

blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

58
Q

they function as astrocytes in the autonomic nervous system?

A

satellite cells

59
Q

functions include phagocytosis, inflammation, and “immune cells of the CNS”

A

microglia

60
Q

stem cells within the brain

A

polydendrocytes

61
Q

line the central canal

they form a cubodial to columnar epithelium

A

ependymal cells

62
Q

where two Schwann cells meet, they form a ______(an unmeylinated area). this is where action potential regenerate). synpases are not myelinated.

A

Node of ranvier

63
Q

Schwann cells form the _____ between nodes of Ranvier

A

internodes

64
Q

what are small folds of Schwann cell cytosol that remain to support the myelin after most of the cytoplasm of a Schwann cell has been squeezed while wrapping around an axon?

A

Schmidt-Lanterman incisures

65
Q

t/f. each Schwann cell forms only 1 internode. Schwann cell myelin is in contact with the Schwann cell soma. (vs long process in oligodendrocyte)

A

true

66
Q

define endoneurium

A

the thin layer of connective tusse that surrounds each nerve fiber

67
Q

define perineurium?

A

perineurium delimits nerve fasicle itself

68
Q

how many internodes does an oligodendrocyte from? how are neighboring internodes myelinated?

A

one oligodendocyte forms 30-50 internodes (many different axons, 1 internode per axon) (many axons in CNS not myelinated)

take home: neighboring internodes originate from different oligodendrocytes

69
Q

astrocytes move metabolites to and from neurons = _____

A

metabolic exchange

70
Q

t/f. astrocytes maintain constain ionic cncentrations for optimal neuronal function by taking up ions (K+, Ca2+) and transmitters

A

true

71
Q

astrocytes radiating processes contact neurons __1____, endothelial cells of blood vessels__2__ and myeline

A
  1. perineural feet
  2. perivascular feet
72
Q

what do astrocytes facilitate? (3)

A

angiogenesis

synaptogenesis

maintenance of the blood-brain barrier

73
Q

where are fibrous astrocytes found?

A

in white matter have vascular feet that connect them to outside capillary walls

74
Q

what are radial glia? when are they present in human life? what aretwo examples of radial glia in adulthood?

A

radial glia = radial astrocytes (oriented in plane perpendicular to ventricle with one axis towards the pia and the other near the ventricle).

mostly present in development and play a role in neuron migration

mueller cells(retina)

Bergmann glia = cerebellum - examples of radial glia that persist into adulthood

75
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes

A

m**ost common and located in grey matter **

76
Q

what are satellite cells

A

small cuboidal cells of neural crest origin = modified Scwhann cell or oligodendrocyte

they funcion as astrocytes in peripheral ganglia

surround entire soma of ganglion cells, but only their nucleus is visible in H+E stains

77
Q

ependymal cells ? what are they

A

cuboidal to columnar cells

apical surface covered with cilial and microvilli

basal surface in close contact with astrocytes

lack of tight junctions btw ependymal cells allows a free exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and nervous tissue

Neuro week1 (9 decks)

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