Speech Anatomy Quiz/Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Structure of an organism
Physiology
Function/Chemical processes of an organism
Anatomical position
This is the base position in which the body is erect and palms, hands, and arms are facing forward.
Axial Skeleton
Head and trunk with the spinal column being the axis.
Appendicular Skeleton
The upper and lower limbs.
Neuraxis
Axis of the brain
Posterior/Dorsal
This refers to the back of the body.
Anterior/Ventral
This refers to the front of the body and belly area.
Superior
The upper point
Inferior
The lower point
Sagittal
Planes going left to right
Coronal/Frontal
Planes going front to back
Transverse/Horizontal
Planes going up and down
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or attached end
Distal
Further from the trunk or attached end
Cranial
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Superficial
Toward the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Central
At or near the center
Peripheral
Away from the center
Head
Proximal Portion of bone
Neck
Constricted portion of a structure
Organ
Aggregates of tissues with functional unity
Sheath
Covering
Suture
Immobile articulation
Symphysis
Immobile articulation fused in early development
Building blocks of anatomy
Cells-Tissues-Organs-Systems
Parts of a cell
-Protoplasm: Nucleus (DNA) and cytoplasm
-Semi permeable membrane
-Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration and produces ATP
-Endoplasmic Reticulum: In the transportation system of the cell and involved in protein and lipid synthesis
-Others: Proteins, fats, enzymes, and hormones
Tissues
Combination of cells that join together for a certain function
Types of tissues
- Epithelial
-Connective
- Muscular
-Vascular
-Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
- Does not have intercellular substance
-Located on skin, mucous membranes, and lines tubes of internal cavities.
- Acts as a protective layer and sometimes contain cilia.
Connective Tissue
- Does have an intercellular substance (the matrix: can be semi fluid or solid)
-The function of connective tissues is to support structures and maintain the body.
- Connective Tissues can be divided into areolar, fibrous, and special.
Areolar (loose) connective tissue
- Binds things together with the allowance of movement
-Adisposed tissue is an example and it is areolar tissue with a high fat concentration
Fibrous (Dense) Connective Tissue
-Closely packed fibers that can be white fibrous or yellow elastic tissue.
-Fibrous tissues can be divided into tendons (tough fibers attached to bone and cartilage) , aponeuroses (flat sheet like tendons that creates attachment from muscle to muscle and provides stability), ligaments (elastic fibers connecting bones and cartilage), and Fascia (fibrous membrane encasing muscle fibers).
Special Connective Tissue
-These tissues provide structure to the body
-Cartilage (flexible and strong) and bone (hardest connective tissue with the body containing 206 bones) are special connective tissues
Muscular Tissue
-Muscle is made up of fascicles which is made up of muscle fiber.
-These are tissues with elongated cells that are able to contact and generate body movements.
-Contains three types of muscular tissue which are cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.
-Connective Tissue wrappings is in the order of muscle fiber- endomysium (fibrous muscle sheath)- perimysium (collagen sheath binding muscle fibers into fascicles)-epimysium (Sheath that encases entire muscle)
Order of Skeletal muscle
Action (Thin filament)/ Myosin (Thick Filament)- Myofilament- Sarcomere- Myofibril- Muscle Fiber- Fascicle- Muscle
Types of Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle: Striated and voluntary
-Smooth Muscle: Visceral muscle in organs. Non striated and in-voluntary.
-Cardiac Muscle: Striated and involuntary
Muscular Tissue Terms
- Agonist/Antagonist: In skeletal muscle the agonist contracts and the antagonist relaxes/lengthens.
-Synergist: In Skeletal muscle these are muscles that assist the agonist in accomplishing a movement.
-Origin: Point of attachment of the least mobile element.
- Insertion: Point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction.
Terms for Muscle Contraction
-Extension/Flexion
-Abduction/Adduction
-Rotation (medial/lateral)
Vascular Tissue
-Makes up 10% of body weight and contains a fluid intercellular substance.
-Vascular Tissue conveys food/oxygen to cells, removes waste, distributes heat, and defends from microorganisms.
-Made up of blood such as : Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (White blood cells), Plasma, and Platelets.
-Lymph within vascular tissue is the nutrient plasma of the tissue.
