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College Study Sets > Audiometry Exam I Study Set > Flashcards

Audiometry Exam I Study Set Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency of Hearing Loss

A

Children: 56,000 experiencing hearing loss below the age of 6.

Adults: 35 million experiencing hearing loss.

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1
Q

Impacts of Hearing Loss

A

Children: Lack of social, academic, and emotional development. Speech impairments can occur.

Adults: Economic and mental health burden (ex. Anxiety, depression, etc.)

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2
Q

Definition of Audiology

A

A sector of science that investigates hearing and its disorders. Within this sect, some processes include identifying, and evaluating hearing issues. As well as accessing the manner individuals with hearing issues could be aided.

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3
Q

Raymond Carhart

A

The founder of audiology who established training for students involved in Otology and Speech Pathology to become professors, clinical specialists, and research scientists for audiology.

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4
Q

Definition of Audiologist

A

Individuals in health care who are concerned with identifying, treating, and aiding people who possess hearing disorders. Individuals in this field require a doctorate degree and certification typically from the American Academy of Audiology (AAA) or American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA).

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5
Q

Service Delivery Models

A

Medical Model: Authoritative and assumes that clinician knows all.

Rehabilitation Model: More interactive and involves patient collaboration.

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6
Q

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF) Framework

A

This evaluates how an individual’s health condition along with environmental and personal factors relate to their impairment, activities, and participation.

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7
Q

Ear Divisions

A

Outer ear-Middle Ear-Inner Ear-8th Canial Nerve-Brain

The peripheral auditory system is only the outer ear, middle ear, and outer ear.

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8
Q

Outer Ear Components

A

There are three main parts of the outer ear including the pinna (composed of cartilage and skin), the ear canal (this leads to the eardrum, external auditory meatus, and concha), and the tympanic membrane.

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9
Q

Parts of the Pinna

A

Tragus, Anti-tragus, Helix, Anti helix, Concha (Cymbal and Cavum), and Triangular Fossa.

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10
Q

Pinna Function

A

The Pinna localizes and funnels sound while creating a distinctive unique imprint.

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11
Q

Other names for Pinna

A

Auricle and Outer Ear

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12
Q

Parts of the External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)

A

The EAM is composed of two portions being the outer portion, which is cartilaginous portion that is filled with ceruminous glands (ear wax) and har folluculs to push out ear wax, and the inner portion, which is the Osseous portion (bone). The EAM extends from the Pinna to TM.

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13
Q

EAM Function

A

Provides protection for the eardrums

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14
Q

EAM Pathologies

A

Atresia: Ear canal absence

Stenosis: Narrowing of the EAM

Infections Caused by Bacteria and Fungus: Swimmer’s Ear and Impaction of Wax

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15
Q

Purpose of Cerumen

A

The does multiple things for the ear including: Trapping particles, moisturizing the epithelium, repelling insects with odor, prevention of water, and cleaning the ear with anti properties.

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16
Q

Parts of the Tympanic Membrane

A

The tympanic membrane (TM) can be split into three sections Annulus, Pars Flaccida (Top of TM), and the Pars Tensa (Bottom of TM).

There are also three layers of the memembrane including: Cutaneous stratum, Fiberous stratum, and Mucosa Stratum

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17
Q

Structures/Functions of the TM parts

A

Annulus: This is the tissue in the shape of a ring that holds TM in place.

Pars Flaccida: Consists of mucous and epidermal layers

Pars Tensa: Gives Ear drum its cone shape and contains malleus and umbo (Concave arrangement causing light reflection/refraction)

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18
Q

TM Layers

A

Outer layer: Skin that covers the osseous meatus (Epithelial Layer)

Middle Layer: Connective tissue that is made up of radial and concentric fibers ( fibrous layers)

Inner Layer: Membranous Layer

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19
Q

Tympanic Membrane Function

A

Regulates pressure within the middle ear. Apart of the transformer system within the middle ear.

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20
Q

Sound Resonance

A

Each structure helps to increase sound to about 10 to 12 dB. The main structures of the outer ear contributing to this are the Concha and ear canal. The final amplification is 20dB of sound at 3000Hz. Hearing aids can disrupt resonance.

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21
Q

Parts of the Middle Ear

A

There are several parts of the middle ear including: Incus, stapes, malleus, tensor tympani, stapedial muscle, and eustachian tube.

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Middle Ear Cavities

A

Air filled and mucous membrane lined.

24
Q

Middle Ear Function

A

The ossicles form a mechanical link that prevents displacement of he oval and round windows. The middle ear is an equalizer.

25
Q

Middle Ear Muscle Function

A

Facial nerves trigger the stapedius muscle and it contracts with loud sounds. Trigeminal nerves trigger the tensor tympani and contracts with a change in air pressure of the EAM.

26
Q

Middle Ear Muscles and Ligaments

A

Connect ossicles to the middle ear

27
Q

Eustachian Tube Function

A

Enables air to go into the middle ear, and equalizes air pressure in the eardrum. It also allows drainage of fluids into the nasopharynx.

28
Q

Eustachian Tube Facts

A

This tube is cartilagineous and remains closed but opens during swallowing to allow for air exchange. Smaller in children which causes draining issues.

29
Q

Lack of Eustachian Tube Occurrences

A

Oxygen absorbed through ear, lower pressure, Retraction of TM, fluid entering, thick fluid, and cellular changes.

30
Q

Transfer Functions of Middle Ear (Impedance Matching)

A

The middle ear recoups for energy lost between sound exchanges between air and fluid. This is done from the ratio of area from the TM to Stapes foot plate (recovers 25dB) and the ossicles lever action (recovers 2 dB).

31
Q

Impedance Matching

A

-30dB of sound is lost as a result of an air-to-fluid impedance mitch match but, the middle ear recoups for this loss by increasing the pressure of sound. (This all depends on signal frequency)

32
Q

Middle Ear Contraction

A

A decrease in sound pressure causes the middle ear to contract. This is done through the tightening of the ear drum which stops sound propagation.

33
Q

Acoustic Reflex

A

Muscles are activated by loud sounds which reduces the danger of ear damage from them.

34
Q

Inner Ear Parts

A

The overal inner ear is an ossesus labryinth containing: Smicircular canals, cochlea, round window, vestibule, oval window, perilymph, and endolymph.

35
Q

Vestibule

A

This is where the oval and round windows are located. The oval window is the cochlea’s entrance and the round window is the cochlea’s exit.

36
Q

Inner Ear Function

A

Helping the brain with hearing and balance hrough the conversion of sound waves to nueral impulses.

37
Q

Inner Ear Balance

A

Two Systems control balance within the inner ear. These systems are Utricle/Saccule (linear motion) and semi-circular canals (angular motion).

38
Q

Cochlea Function

A

Turns complex sounds into simple parts, amplifies soft sounds, and sends information to the CANS for perception.

39
Q

Cochlea Main Parts

A

Parts of the Cochlea include: Modiolus, Scala Vestibuli, Scala Tympani, Scala Media and Organ of Corti.

40
Q

Cochlea Parts in the Main Parts

A

Helectroma: Perilymph and connects Scala Tympani and Scala Vestibuli.

Scala Vestibuli: Perilymph, oval window, and Resiners membrane.

Scala Media: Endolymph, Tectorial membrane, organ of corti, basliar membrane, stria vascularis.

Scala Tympani: Perilymph and round window.

41
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Within the organ of Corti (hering organ) are hair cells which act as sensory receptors. There are inner hair (1 row) cells and outer hair cells (3 rows). This organ is bordered by the basilar (below) and tetorial membrane (above)

42
Q

Inner Ear Membranes

A

The Resiners membrane separates SM from SV and is attached to a spiral ligament. The spiral Ligament connects the cochlear duct to the outer wall. Stria vascularus is fixed opposite of the spiral ligament. The tectorial membrane overlays organ of corti.

43
Q

Traveling Wave Theory

A

This is the pattern in which the basilar membrane is displaced as a result of sound transmission. Waves occur to the right at lower frequenceies and to the left at higher frequencies.

44
Q

Stiffness Gradient

A

This is within the basilar membrane. This decides which direction the traveling wave will progress in.

45
Q

Shearing

A

When the Basilar membrane is being displaced a shearing force occurs on the outer hair cells of the tectorial membrane this then activates auditory nerve fibers that are embedded in the base of a hair cell.

46
Q

OHC and IHC Function

A

Mechanical input is amplified by outer hair cells to inner hair cells, and the inner hair cells send this information to the brain.

Outer hair cells are motor (efferent)

47
Q

Auditory Nerve Anatomy

A

This nerve runs from the cochlea to the internal auditory nerve canal. This nerve also carries the vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve. The vestibular portion includes the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals.

48
Q

Parts of the Auditory Nerve

A

There are two portions aranged cylindrically-

Outer portion: Fibers coming from the basil turn of the cochlea (higher frequencies).

Inner portion: Fibers coming from the apical turn of cochela (lower frequencies).

49
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

This is a tumor that occurs in the internal auditory canal.

50
Q

Auditory Pathway

A

The order goes:
Auditory branch of VIII th nerve > Cochlear Nuclear Complex > Superior Olivary Complex > Lateral Lemniscus > Inferior Colliculus > Medial Geniculate Bod > Primary Auditory Cortex

51
Q

Auditory Pathway Parts

A

Superior Olivary Complex: regulates reflexes, receives both inputs, and determines direction.

Lateral Leminiscus: Lower brainstem impulse pathway.

Inferior Colliculus: Gets stimulation from both SOC’s.

52
Q

Auditory Pathway Parts Continued

A

Medial Geniculate: The third part of the system.

Primary Auditory Context: Located in temporal lobes. Represents preserved frequency.

53
Q

Parts of Auditory Nerve

A

Dendrites: Gains nerve impulses from other cells. Projection from hair cells.

Axon: Impulses are transmitted along neurons. Projection within the brainstem to sensory cells.

54
Q

What is the auditory system?

A

This system is primarily afferent or sensory but has motor/efferent aspects.

55
Q

Parts of Neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic Cleft: Location of meeting of nerve fibers through dendrites or cell bodies. Where neurotransmitters are released.

Chemical-based substances that can activate or inhibit adjacent neurons.

56
Q

Spike Rate

A

A single nerve can fire up to 30-40dB without the help of other nerve fibers.

57
Q

Characteristic Frequencies

A

High characterisitc frequency fibers originate from hair cells at cochlea base. Low characteristic frequency fibers supply the apex. The auiditory nerve has a tonotpic organization.

58
Q

Whole Nerve AP

A

The whole nerve action potential is measured in terms of amplitude. Amplitude increases with intensity.

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