speech Flashcards
what are sociolinguistics?
the relationship between language and power
what are pragmatics?
when language changes according to context
what are suprasegmentals?
pitch,pace,volume and stress are all used in speech
what is the co-operative principle?
people communicate in a way that establishes comity, proposed by Paul Grice
what is institutional authority?
authority given to a person
what is situational authority?
authority given to a person based off the situation
what are non-fluency features?
pauses, repetition, false starts and fillers are all non-0fluency features, because speech is often spontaneous
what are pragmatic features?
hedges and discourse markers
what are the functions of speech?
referential-speech to give information
phatic-speech to maintain relationships
transactional-speech to achieve a purpose
expressive-language about feelings and emotions
what are minimal responses?
supported noises that give support and establish comity
what are henry sacks turn taking rules?
1.one speaker speaks at a time
2. a speaker should be allowed to finish their turn without being interrupted
3.there should be no gaps of silence in conversations
4. the current speaker can nominate the next speaker
5.the speaker takes their turn at the transition relevance point
what are adjacency pairs?
a special kind of turn taking in which the speaker initiates the pair by using the first pair part and the interlocutor has to complete the pair by giving the appropriate second pair part
what is the topic control?
the topic is what is being talked about, the more serious a topic the less it drifts, a topic shift is more abrupt and can be used for more serious topics
what is talking topically?
interlocutors must talk topically and the listener gets to interpret what they think the topic is
what is a topic loop?
when the conversation is brought back to a previous topic sand this can only be done by somebody with high authority
what are paul grices maxims?
the maxim of quality- speakers contributions must be true
the maxim of quantity- speakers contributions should be the right amount
the maxim of relevance- speakers contributions must be relevant
the maxim of manner- speakers contributions must be easily understood.
what is politeness theory?
politeness theory is about establishing the right relationships with the right people.
what is brown and levinsons face theory?
positive face- your self-image
negative face- your right to self-determination.
a positive face threat attacks something important to that person.
a negative face threat is an attempt to make someone do something they cant be made to do.
what are leechs maxims of politeness?
tact maxim- minimise cost to other
maximise benefit to other
generosity maxim- minimise benefit to self
maximise cost to self
approbation maxim- minimise dispraise of other
maximise praise of other
modesty maxim- minimize praise to self
maximise dispraise of self
agreement maxim- minimise disagreement between self and other
maximise agreement between self and other
